CFA Level 1 Study Notes – Equity Investments

CFA Level 1 Study Notes – Equity Investments

Study Session 12

Older Curriculum 

2024 Curriculum

Learning Module 1 – Market Organization and Structure

LOS a: explain the main functions of the financial system

LOS b: describe classifications of assets and markets

LOS c: describe the major types of securities, currencies, contracts, commodities, and real assets that trade in organized markets, including their distinguishing characteristics and major subtypes

LOS d: describe types of financial intermediaries and services that they provide

LOS e: compare positions an investor can take in an asset

LOS f: calculate and interpret the leverage ratio, the rate of return on a margin transaction, and the security price at which the investor would receive a margin call

LOS g: compare execution, validity, and clearing instructions

LOS h: compare market orders with limit orders

LOS i: define primary and secondary markets and explain how secondary markets support primary markets

LOS j: describe how securities, contracts, and currencies are traded in quote-driven, order-driven, and brokered markets

LOS k: describe characteristics of a well-functioning financial system

LOS l: describe objectives of market regulation

Learning Module 2 – Security Market Indices

LOS a: describe a security market index

LOS b: calculate and interpret the value, price return, and total return of an index

LOS c: describe the choices and issues in index construction and management

LOS d: compare the different weighting methods used in index construction

LOS e: calculate and analyze the value and return of an index given its weighting method

LOS f: describe rebalancing and reconstitution of an index

LOS g: describe uses of security market indices

LOS h: describe types of equity indices

LOS i: describe types of fixed-income indices

LOS j: describe indices representing alternative investments

LOS k: compare types of security market indices

Learning Module 3 – Market Efficiency

LOS a: describe market efficiency and related concepts, including their importance to investment practitioners

LOS b: distinguish between market value and intrinsic value

LOS c: explain factors that affect a market’s efficiency

LOS d: contrast weak-form, semi-strong-form, and strong-form market efficiency

LOS e: explain the implications of each form of market efficiency for fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and the choice between active and passive portfolio management

LOS f: describe market anomalies

LOS g: describe behavioral finance and its potential relevance to understanding market anomalies

Learning Module 4 – Overview of Equity Securities

LOS a: describe characteristics of types of equity securities

LOS b: describe differences in voting rights and other ownership characteristics among different equity classes

LOS c: distinguish between public and private equity securities

LOS d: describe methods for investing in non-domestic equity securities

LOS e: compare the risk and return characteristics of different types of equity securities

LOS f: explain the role of equity securities in the financing of a company’s assets

LOS g: distinguish between the market value and book value of equity securities

LOS h: compare a company’s cost of equity, its (accounting) return on equity, and investors’ required rates of return

Learning Module 5 – Company Analysis: Past and Present

LOS a: describe the elements that should be covered in a thorough company research report

LOS b: determine a company’s business model

LOS c: evaluate a company’s revenue and revenue drivers, including pricing power

LOS d: evaluate a company’s operating profitability and working capital using key measures

LOS e: evaluate a company’s capital investments and capital structure

Learning Module 6 – Industry and Competitive Analysis

LOS a: describe the purposes of, and steps involved in, industry and competitive analysis

LOS b: describe industry classification methods and compare methods by which companies can be grouped

LOS c: determine an industry’s size, growth characteristics, profitability, and market share trends

LOS d: analyze an industry’s structure and external influences using Porter’s Five Forces and PESTLE frameworks

LOS e: evaluate the competitive strategy and position of a company

Learning Module 7 – Company Analysis: Forecasting

LOS a: explain principles and approaches to forecasting a company’s financial results and position

LOS b: explain approaches to forecasting a company’s revenues

LOS c: explain approaches to forecasting a company’s operating expenses and working capital

LOS d: explain approaches to forecasting a company’s capital investments and capital structure

LOS e: describe the use of scenario analysis in forecasting

Learning Module 8 – Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools

LOS a: evaluate whether security, given its current market price and a value estimate, is overvalued, fairly valued, or undervalued by the market

LOS b: describe major categories of equity valuation models

LOS c: describe regular cash dividends, extra dividends, stock dividends, stock splits, reverse stock splits, and share repurchases

LOS d: describe dividend payment chronology

LOS e: explain the rationale for using present value models to value equity and describe the dividend discount and free-cash-flow-to-equity models

LOS f: calculate the intrinsic value of a non-callable, non-convertible preferred stock

LOS g: calculate and interpret the intrinsic value of an equity security based on the Gordon (constant) growth dividend discount model or a two-stage dividend discount model, as appropriate

LOS h: identify characteristics of companies for which the constant growth or a multistage dividend discount model is appropriate

LOS i: explain the rationale for using price multiples to value equity, how the price-to-earnings multiple relates to fundamentals, and the use of multiples based on comparables

LOS j: calculate and interpret the following multiples: price to earnings, price to an estimate of operating cash flow, price to sales, and price to book value

LOS k: describe enterprise value multiples and their use in estimating equity value

LOS l: describe asset-based valuation models and their use in estimating equity value

LOS m: explain the advantages and disadvantages of each category of the valuation model

 

2026/2027 Curriculum

Learning Module 1: Equity Instrument Features

LOS a: Describe basic features and types of equity instruments
LOS b: Contrast features of publicly listed versus private equity securities

Learning Module 2: Equity Jurisdictions, Classes, and the Voting Process

LOS a: Describe differences in economic and voting rights and other characteristics among different jurisdictions and equity classes
LOS b: Describe the voting process and roles of the issuer’s management, board, proxy advisors, asset managers, and asset owners in the process

Learning Module 3: Equity Issuance and Trading

LOS a: Describe primary and secondary public equity markets and their functions

LOS b: Compare exchange, off-exchange, and over-the-counter equities trading

LOS c: Describe liquidity measures for a publicly listed security and calculate float and average daily volume

LOS d: Describe types of equity indexes

Learning Module 4: Sources of Equity Returns

LOS a: Describe Features and Uses of Dividends, Share Repurchases, Stock Splits, and Reverse Stock Splits

LOS b: Describe Dividend Payment Chronology

LOS c: Calculate Price and Total Return for Equity Securities

Learning Module 5: Introduction to Equity Valuation

LOS a: Contrast price and value for an equity security.

LOS b: contrast the use of book value of equity, market capitalization, and enterprise value as indicators of intrinsic value.

LOS c: Describe major categories of equity valuation models and explain their advantages and disadvantages.

Learning Module 6: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and Growth Models

LOS a: Contrast the inputs used in dividend discount, free cash flow to equity (FCFE), free cash flow to the firm (FCFF), and residual income models, and explain the process for using present value models to value equity.

LOS b: Calculate and interpret the intrinsic value of an equity security based on present value models that assume constant cash flow growth or multistage cash flow growth.

LOS c: Explain the shortcomings of constant and multistage cash flow growth assumptions in present value models.

LOS d: Calculate the intrinsic value of a non-callable, non-convertible preferred stock and describe how contingency features affect intrinsic value.

Learning Module 7: Relative Value Equity Valuation Approaches

LOS a: Explain the process for using multiples to value equity based on the method of comparables and the method of forecasted fundamentals.

LOS b: Calculate and interpret price and enterprise value multiples, and describe their appropriate uses.

LOS c: Determine a potential peer group for multiples-based equity valuation based on a company’s industry classification or specific drivers of expected return.

LOS d: Describe the use of multiples based on past, current, and projected future values in estimating equity value.

Learning Module 8: Financial Statement Forecasting in Equity Valuation

LOS a: Explain the rationale, construction, and uses of financial statement forecast models in equity valuation

LOS b: Evaluate the construction of an equity valuation model based on characteristics of the subject company

LOS c: Estimate and interpret the value of an equity security based on the outputs of a financial statement forecast model

Learning Module 9: Industry and Competitive Analysis

LOS a: Describe the process of industry and competitive analysis

LOS b: Describe industry classification methods and compare methods by which companies can be grouped

LOS c: Determine an industry’s size, growth characteristics, profitability, and market share trends

LOS d: Analyze an industry’s structure and external influences using Porter’s Five Forces and the PESTLE framework

Learning Module 10: Company Analysis Past, Present, and Future

LOS a: Explain a company’s competitive strategy and position within an industry.

LOS b: Evaluate a company’s revenue drivers, operating profitability, and pricing power.

LOS c: Evaluate a company’s working capital, capital investments, and capital structure

Learning Module 11: Equity Analyst Research Reports

LOS a: Describe the elements that should be covered in a detailed company research report

LOS b: Compare sell-side and buy-side equity analyst reports and their conclusions

LOS c: Explain why value estimates from the same modeling approach may differ based on analyst assumptions regarding revenue, profitability, investment, and financing

Learning Module 12: The Capital Asset Pricing Model, Market Model, and Other Factor-Based Equity Models

LOS a: Explain the application of the CAPM and the market model in estimating a company’s required return on equity

LOS b: Describe the arbitrage pricing theory framework and the practical significance of multi-factor models in equity investing.

Shop CFA® Exam Prep

Offered by AnalystPrep

Featured Shop FRM® Exam Prep Learn with Us

    Subscribe to our newsletter and keep up with the latest and greatest tips for success

    Shop Actuarial Exams Prep Shop Graduate Admission Exam Prep


    Sergio Torrico
    Sergio Torrico
    2021-07-23
    Excelente para el FRM 2 Escribo esta revisión en español para los hispanohablantes, soy de Bolivia, y utilicé AnalystPrep para dudas y consultas sobre mi preparación para el FRM nivel 2 (lo tomé una sola vez y aprobé muy bien), siempre tuve un soporte claro, directo y rápido, el material sale rápido cuando hay cambios en el temario de GARP, y los ejercicios y exámenes son muy útiles para practicar.
    diana
    diana
    2021-07-17
    So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos signpost the reading contents, explain the concepts and provide additional context for specific concepts. The fun light-hearted analogies are also a welcome break to some very dry content. I usually watch the videos before going into more in-depth reading and they are a good way to avoid being overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content when you look at the readings.
    Kriti Dhawan
    Kriti Dhawan
    2021-07-16
    A great curriculum provider. James sir explains the concept so well that rather than memorising it, you tend to intuitively understand and absorb them. Thank you ! Grateful I saw this at the right time for my CFA prep.
    nikhil kumar
    nikhil kumar
    2021-06-28
    Very well explained and gives a great insight about topics in a very short time. Glad to have found Professor Forjan's lectures.
    Marwan
    Marwan
    2021-06-22
    Great support throughout the course by the team, did not feel neglected
    Benjamin anonymous
    Benjamin anonymous
    2021-05-10
    I loved using AnalystPrep for FRM. QBank is huge, videos are great. Would recommend to a friend
    Daniel Glyn
    Daniel Glyn
    2021-03-24
    I have finished my FRM1 thanks to AnalystPrep. And now using AnalystPrep for my FRM2 preparation. Professor Forjan is brilliant. He gives such good explanations and analogies. And more than anything makes learning fun. A big thank you to Analystprep and Professor Forjan. 5 stars all the way!
    michael walshe
    michael walshe
    2021-03-18
    Professor James' videos are excellent for understanding the underlying theories behind financial engineering / financial analysis. The AnalystPrep videos were better than any of the others that I searched through on YouTube for providing a clear explanation of some concepts, such as Portfolio theory, CAPM, and Arbitrage Pricing theory. Watching these cleared up many of the unclarities I had in my head. Highly recommended.

    Get Ahead on Your Study Prep This Cyber Monday! Save 35% on all CFA® and FRM® Unlimited Packages. Use code CYBERMONDAY at checkout. Offer ends Dec 1st.