When evaluating the quality of financial reports, it’s crucial to consider whether company managers might be motivated to issue reports that are not of high quality. If such motivations exist, analysts should assess whether the reporting environment supports or disciplines…

Aggressive vs. Conservative Accounting Companies have a certain level of discretion concerning the methods they use to evaluate and report their financial performance. Investors are often concerned with whether the accounting method is more aggressive or conservative, as this will…

Quality Spectrum of Financial Reports The spectrum of financial reporting quality serves as a basis for evaluating the quality of different reports. This spectrum ranges from high-quality financial reports with sustainable earnings to reports that are unreliable and lack useful…

Generally, analysts would always have access to financial reports that follow strong financial reporting standards, such as those issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and that are free from any manipulation….

Presentation and Disclosure of Leases Both IFRS and US GAAP state that the purpose of lease disclosures is to provide financial statement users with information to evaluate the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows related to leases. On the…

Employee Compensation Employee compensation packages are structured to achieve various objectives, including meeting employees’ liquidity needs, retaining them, and motivating their performance. Common components of employee compensation include salary, bonuses, health, and life insurance premiums, defined contribution and benefit pension…

Non-current liabilities include diverse sources of financing and different types of creditors. They include bonds, loans, leases, and post-employment liabilities such as defined contribution, defined benefit, and stock-based compensation plans. Lease Contract A lease is a contract between a lessor,…

Users of financial statements can use financial statement disclosures to deepen their understanding of a company’s investments in tangible and intangible assets. Financial statement disclosures divulge such details as how those investments have changed during a reporting period, how the…

While depreciation and amortization spread the cost of a long-lived asset over its useful life, impairment charges address unexpected value decreases. An asset is impaired when its carrying amount is higher than its recoverable amount. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)…

Intangible assets, from its name, are assets that lack physical substance. Intangible assets encompass items with exclusive rights like patents, copyrights, trademarks, and franchises. According to IFRS, identifiable intangible assets must meet three definitional criteria: it must be separable or…