According to the IFRS, a financial instrument is a contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another. Financial assets include investments in stocks of other companies or in…

When a company acquires another, the acquisition price is allocated to all identifiable assets (both tangible and intangible) and liabilities based on their fair value. If the acquisition price exceeds the fair value of these identifiable assets and liabilities, the…

Intangible assets are non-monetary assets without physical substance. They are identifiable, which implies that they are either separable (capable of being separated and sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged) or arise from contractual or other legal rights. Examples include patents,…

Conversion of the income statement to a common-size income statement facilitates an assessment of a company’s performance across time periods (time series analysis) and across companies (cross-sectional analysis). Common-size analysis of the income statement is performed by stating each line…

Both IFRS and US GAAP mandate the presentation of earnings per share (EPS) on the income statement, specifically for net profit or loss (net income) and profit or loss (income) from continuing operations. The method of calculating EPS varies, contingent…

When assessing a company’s possible future performance, it is advisable to separate recurring and non-recurring items. Recurring items are items of income and expense likely to continue in the future, while non-recurring items (such as discontinued operations and unusual or…

The IASB Conceptual Framework defines expenses as reductions in economic benefits occurring throughout the accounting period. These reductions manifest as outflows or depletions of assets or the incurrence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in equity. Notably, this excludes reductions…

Revenue is reported on the top line of the income statement. Accrual accounting allows revenue to be recognized, i.e., reported on the income statement when it is earned and not necessarily when cash is received. Companies disclose their revenue recognition…

Analysts tend to base their financial statement analysis on the company’s audited, annual financial statements to get a relatively accurate picture of its financial position and performance. In this case, the annual financial statements audit must have been done by…

The goal of global convergence has been advanced by adopting IFRS in many countries outside the US as the required financial reporting standard. However, several differences exist between US GAAP and IFRS that affect how companies report their financial statement….