Balance Sheet Modeling
Some balance sheet items, such as retained earnings, flow directly from the income statement. Others, such as accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable, are closely linked to income statement projections. Working capital accounts are forecasted using efficiency ratios. For example,...
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Income Statement Modeling: Revenue

Analysts use three approaches to project future revenue. Top-down approach. Bottom-up approach. Hybrid approach. Top-down Approach The top-down approach begins at the level of the overall economy. Forecasts are then narrowed to such levels as sector, industry, and market for…

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Income Statement Modeling: Revenue

Analysts use three approaches to project future revenue. Top-down approach. Bottom-up approach. Hybrid approach. Top-down Approach The top-down approach begins at the level of the overall economy. Forecasts are then made at narrower levels, such as sector, industry, and market…

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Analyzing Operating Margins and Sales Levels
Analysts usually consider costs at a more aggregate level than the level used to analyze revenue and use a top-down, bottom-up, or hybrid approach when forecasting them. Variable costs are linked to revenue growth and may be modeled as a...
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Study Notes for CFA® Level II – Financial Reporting and Analysis – offered by AnalystPrep

Study Session 5 Reading 11: Intercorporate Investment -a. Describe the classification, measurement, and disclosure under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for investments in financial assets, investments in associates, joint ventures, business combinations, and special purpose and variable interest entities; -b….

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Issues Related to Balance Sheet Modifications, Earnings Normalization, and Cash Flow Statement Related Modifications on a Company’s Financial Condition

Earnings Quality and Cash Flow Analysis Earnings quality refers to the persistence and sustainability of a company’s earnings. High-quality earnings imply that a company’s accounting estimates are unbiased. Additionally, it means that the earnings are derived from sustainable rather than…

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Evaluating the Effects of Change in Accounting Standards, Methods or Assumptions on the Financial Statements and Ratios

Users of financial statements must be cognizant of proposed changes in accounting standards because of the impact they have on financial statements and a firm’s valuation. We anticipate significant changes in the accounting standards over the next few years as…

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Relevant Adjustments for Improving Quality and Comparability with Similar Companies

Off-Balance-Sheet Financing Off-balance-sheet financing is an accounting practice where companies exclude liabilities on their balance sheet and the associated interest expense on the P&L. Operating lease is a typical example of off-balance-sheet financing. It is an expense that is kept…

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Financial Reporting Choices and Bias that Affect the Quality and Comparability of a Company’s Financial Statements

Assume that our purpose for analysis is to identify and evaluate the drivers of financial success for ABC Ltd., a publicly held company in India, which is a leading car manufacturer. Further, we want to identify and understand the risks…

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Use of a Framework to Analyze a Firm’s Financial Statements

Financial analysis is crucial as it aids investors and other financial decision-makers to work out effective economic decisions. This ensures that the possibility of a successful outcome is on the decision maker’s side. A basic framework to aid in financial…

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