# Defining Properties of a Probability

Defining properties of a probability refer to the rules that constitute any given probability. They are outlined below.

(I) The probability of an event is always a number between 0 and 1, inclusively.

$$0 \le P(E_i) \le 1 \quad \quad \text{for i} = 1,2…n$$

A ‘P’ followed by Ei in parentheses is interpreted as the probability of an event Ei. We cannot have a negative probability or probability greater than 1 (100%). There is no such a thing as more certain than certain!

(II) The sum of all probabilities of all events = 1, provided the events are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

$$\sum { P\left( { E }_{ i } \right) =1 } \quad \quad \text{for i} = 1,2…n$$

You should note that if events are not mutually exclusive, the total probability would be greater than 1. Similarly, if events are not exhaustive, the total probability would be less than 1 (some events would be left out).

#### Example

Suppose we toss a fair coin, the only possible outcomes are either a head or a tail. Each outcome has a probability of 0.5. Therefore,

$$P(H) + P(T) = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1$$

Obtaining a head precludes obtaining a tail. Therefore, the two events are mutually exclusive. Similarly, there is no other possible outcome apart from either a head or a tail. The two events are, therefore, exhaustive.

## Empirical Probability

An empirical probability is a probability that results from the analysis of actual past data. For example, if we assembled the returns earned by a stock for the last 25 years and used them to make future forecasts, then we shall, in this instance, have employed an empirical probability approach.

One drawback about empirical probabilities is that they rely on past performance, which is not always indicative of future performance. Certain events could occur in the future, leading to drastic changes in returns.

## Subjective Probabilities

Subjective probabilities usually reflect personal belief or judgment. Thus, analysts may rely on their personal experiences and judgments when projecting future performance.

This approach is subject to personal flaws and talents. Therefore, the probabilities churned out may not be very accurate and are likely to differ, even among fund managers working for the same company.

## Priori Probabilities

Priori probabilities are subjective, deductive, and based on reasoning. For example, suppose we establish that a fund manager has an 80% chance of securing a new job in a certain company, the 80% probability could have resulted either from subjective judgment or an empirical probability approach. Let’s assume that the fund manager has only one competitor. If we apply deductive reasoning in this scenario, then we would conclude that the competitor has a 20% chance of securing the job.

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