Bootstrapping Earnings

Bootstrapping earnings (or bootstrap effect) occurs when a company’s earnings increase because of the merger transaction instead of the resulting economic benefit of the merger. Example: Bootstrapping Earnings Axon Ltd. has identified an opportunity to merge with Symbian systems to…

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Motivations behind Mergers

Synergy Synergy is the concept that the combined performance and value of two companies will be greater than the sum of the separate parts. Synergies created through mergers will either increase revenues or reduce costs through economies of scale in…

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Classification of Mergers and Acquisitions

The financial and operational consequences of mergers and the motive for the mergers are key aspects that management and analysts need to understand. An acquisition occurs when a company purchases a portion or all of another company’s shares, effectively controlling…

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Sustainability of Cash Dividends

The following are characteristics of companies that may not be able to sustain their cash dividends: Small, young companies: Small companies cannot sustain their cash dividend because earnings are ploughed back into the business. They are in an industry that…

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Dividend Coverage Ratios based on Net Income and Free Cash Flow

Net Income The dividend coverage ratio (Net income/Dividends) and dividend payout ratio (Dividends/Net income) are traditional ways to evaluate dividend safety. A lower dividend coverage ratio or higher dividend payout ratio suggests a higher risk of a dividend cut, since…

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Global Trends in Payout Policy

Fama and French conducted a study on the disappearing dividends in the United States and established that many industrial companies reduced their dividend payouts from 1978 to 1998. The two researchers argued that the decrease in dividends was related to…

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Equivalence of Cash Dividends and Share Repurchases

Share repurchase announcements are followed by positive returns from the announcement date and for the next two years. This is because management tends to buy back their shares when undervalued and sell them when they are overvalued. All other things…

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Effect of Share Repurchase on Book Value Per Share

When the market price per share is greater than its book value, the book value per share will reduce after share repurchases. The book value per share will increase after repurchases when the market price per share is less than…

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Effects of Repurchases on Earnings per Share

Share repurchase may increase, decrease, or have no effect on EPS depending on how the repurchase is financed. $$\text{EPS}=\frac{\text{Net income (NI)}}{\text{Shares outstanding}}$$ If the net income is constant, a smaller number of shares after the buyback leads to a higher…

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Share Repurchases

A share repurchase is a decision by a company to buy back its shares from the marketplace using corporate cash. Hence it can be viewed as a cash dividend alternative. Treasury shares are stocks that have been repurchased to be…

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