Weak, Semi-strong, and Strong Forms Market Efficiency

Eugene Fama developed a framework of market efficiency that laid out three forms of efficiency: weak, semi-strong, and strong. Each form is defined with respect to the available information that is reflected in prices. Investors trading on available information that is not priced into the market would earn abnormal returns, defined as excess risk-adjusted returns.

Weak Form

In the weak-form efficient market hypothesis, all historical prices of securities have already been reflected in the market prices of securities. In other words, technicians – those trading on analysis of historical trading information – should earn no abnormal returns. Research has shown that this is likely the case in developed markets, but less developed markets may still offer the opportunity to profit from technical analysis.

Semi-strong Form

In a semi-strong-form efficient market, prices reflect all publicly known and available information, including all historical price information. Under this assumption, analyzing any public financial disclosures made by a company to determine a stock’s intrinsic value would be futile since every detail would be taken into account in the stock’s market price. Similarly, an investor could not earn consistent abnormal returns by acting on surprise announcements since the market would quickly react to the new information.

Strong Form

In a strong-form efficient market, security prices fully reflect both public and private information. Therefore, insiders could not generate abnormal returns by trading on private information because it would already figure into market prices. However, researchers find that markets are generally not strong-form efficient as abnormal profits can be earned when nonpublic information is used.

Summary

In the following graph, we can clearly see that the weak form of market efficiency reflects only past market data. In contrast, the strong form reflects all past data, public market information, and insider information.

Market Prices Reflect

$$
\begin{array}{cccc}
\textbf{Forms of market efficiency} & \textbf{Past market data} & \textbf{Public information} & \textbf{Private information} \\
\hline
\text{Weak form} & \checkmark & & \\
\text{Semi-strong form} & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
\text{Strong form} & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark \\
\end{array}
$$

Question

If a skilled fundamental financial analyst and an insider trader all earn the same long-run risk-adjusted returns, what form of market efficiency is likely to apply?

1. Weak form.
2. Strong form.
3. Semi-strong form.

Solution

The correct answer is B.

In strong form market efficiency, all information, both public and private (including insider information), is fully reflected in stock prices. This implies that even insider traders cannot consistently achieve superior risk-adjusted returns. Since both the skilled fundamental financial analyst and the insider trader are earning the same long-run risk-adjusted returns, it suggests that no advantage can be gained from private or public information, which is characteristic of strong form efficiency.