# Expectations Valuation Approach

## One-Step Binomial Tree

The idea that a hedged portfolio returns the risk-free rate can determine the initial value of a call or put. The expectations approach calculates the values of the option by taking the present value of the expected terminal option payoffs. This approach utilizes risk-neutral probabilities instead of true probabilities.

Thus, the initial value of a call and put respectively are determined using the following formulas:

$$c_{0}=\frac{qc_{u}+(1-q)c_{d}}{1+r}$$

And

$$p_{0}=\frac{qp_{u}+(1-q)p_{d}}{1+r}$$

Where:

$$q=\frac{(1+r)-d}{u-d}$$

$$r$$ is the risk-free rate for a single period.

$$q$$ gives the risk-neutral probability of an upward move in price, and $$(1-q)$$ gives the probability of a downward move.

### Example: Expectations Approach for One-Step Binomial Tree

Consider a stock that is currently trading at $50. Assume that the up jump and down jump factors for the stock price are u = 1.20 and d = 0.80. The risk-free rate compounded periodically is 4%. Given a strike price of$50, we can use a single period binomial model to price European call and put options.

#### Price of a European Call Option

Recall:

$$c_{T}=max(S_{T}-K,0)$$

$$S_{0}u=50\times1.20=60$$

$$S_{0}d=50\times0.80=40$$

$$c_{u}=max(60-50,0)=10$$

$$c_{d}=max(40-50,0)=0$$

The value of the call option can then be determined using the formula:

$$c_{0}=\frac{qc_{u}+(1-q)c_{d}}{1+r}$$

Where:

\begin{align*}q&=\frac{(1+r)-d}{u-d}\\&=\frac{(1.04)-0.8}{1.20-0.80}\\&=0.6\end{align*}

$$c_{0}=\frac{0.6\times10+(1-0.6)\times0}{1.04}=5.77$$

#### Price of a European Put Option

$$p_{T}=max(K-S_{T},0)$$

$$p_{u}=max(50-60,0)=0$$

$$p_{d}=max(50-40,0)=10$$

\begin{align*}p_{0}&=\frac{qp_{u}+(1-q)p_{d}}{1+r}\\&=\frac{0.60\times0+(1-0.60)\times10}{1.04}\\&=3.85\end{align*}

## Two-step binomial tree

The expectations approach can also be applied to the two-step binomial model to determine the value of options.

Let q to be the risk-neutral probability of an up move, the price of a European call option can be determined using the two-step binomial model:

$$c_{o}=\frac{q^{2}c_{uu}+2q(1-q)c_{ud}+(1-q)^{2}c_{dd}}{(1+r)^2}$$

The two-period European put value is given as:

$$p_{0}=\frac{q^{2}p_{uu}+2q(1-q)p_{ud}+(1-q)^{2}p_{dd}}{(1+r)^{2}}$$

### Example: Expectations Approach for two-Step Binomial Model

Suppose you have a stock that is currently trading at $60. A two-year European call option on the stock is available with a strike price of$60. The risk-free rate of 2% per annum. Given that the up-move factor is 1.10 and the down-move factor is 0.90, the value of the call option using a two-period binomial model is closest to:

### Solution

The risk-neutral probability of an up-move is given by:

\begin{align*}q&=\frac{(1+r)-d}{u-d}\\&=\frac{1.02-0.90}{1.1-0.9}\\&=0.6\end{align*}

The probability of down move $$(1-q) = 1-0.6 = 0.4$$

The two-period binomial tree is shown below:

The two-period binomial value of the call option:

\begin{align*}c_{o}&=\frac{q^{2}c_{uu}+2q(1-q)c_{ud}+(1-q)^{2}c_{dd}}{(1+r)^{2}}\\&=\frac{0.6^{2}\times12.60+2\times0.6\times0.4\times0\times0.4^{2}\times0}{(1.02)^{2}}\\&=4.36\end{align*}

## Question

Nabi Gudka, CFA, applies the expectations approach to value a European call option on the common shares of Wipro Inc.

The expectation approach most likely utilizes:

1. A risk premium for discounting
2. Risk-neutral probabilities
3. Actual probabilities

### Solution

The correct answer is A:

Under the expectations approach, the expected future payoff is calculated using risk-neutral probabilities, and the expected payoff is discounted at the risk-free rate.

Reading 38: Valuation of Contingent Claims

LOS 38 (e): Describe how the value of a European option can be analyzed as the present value of the option’s expected payoff at expiration;

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