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# Technical Analysis Indicators

Technical analysis indicators are measures used to predict changes in the price of a security. These predictions are  based on price, market sentiment, or flow of funds. Technical analysts  try to establish how potential changes in supply and demand might impact the price of a security.

We can categorize technical analysis indicators into three groups. These are:

• Price-based indicators;
• Momentum oscillators; and
• Sentiment indicators.

## Price-based Technical Analysis Indicators

Price-based indicators combine information relating to both the current and the past price history. Forms of price-based indicators include:

1. Moving average.
2. Bollinger bands.

### Moving Average

A moving average refers to the closing price of a security averaged over a specified number of time periods. It is the mean of the last n closing prices. They are useful  since they smooth out price fluctuations occurring in the short term, hence giving analysts a clearer idea of the trend exhibited by  a market.

The simple moving average places equal weights on both past and current prices, while an exponential moving average gives less weight to older prices and more weight to recent prices.

When calculating the moving average for one month, the accepted value of n is 20 days. A 3-month moving average may comprise 60 days.

Two or more moving averages can be used concurrently.  A 5-day moving average could be used for short-term movements, while a 20 or 60-day moving average could be used for medium-term movement. The longer the time frame used to create the moving average, the smoother the moving average line will be.

Some concepts related to moving averages are:

• Bullish crossover: When a short-term moving average crosses a longer-term average from below, this pattern is considered bullish and known as bullish crossover.
• Bearish crossover: When a short-term moving average crosses a longer-term moving average from above, this pattern is considered bearish and known as bearish crossover.
• Golden cross: When the short-term (50-day) moving average crosses above the long-term (200-day) moving average, this is known as the golden cross. The golden cross is a bullish signal.
• Death cross-movement: This occurs when the short-term (50-day) moving average crosses below the long-term (200-day) moving average. It is considered a bearish signal.

### Bollinger Bands

Bollinger bands are made up of a moving average middle band, an upper band, and a lower band. The upper and lower band are the moving average plus and less some standard deviations, respectively. This indicator can assist in determining a statistically appropriate trading range for the market.

Prices above the higher line may indicate overbuying. Prices below the lower line may, on the other hand, indicate an oversold market. A strategy that yields optimum returns may entail buying when the price is at the lower band and selling when it’s at the higher band.

Bollinger Band width is a Bollinger Bands-derived indicator. It calculates the difference in percentage between the upper and lower bands.

$$\text{Bollinger Bandwidth} = \frac{\text{(Upper band – Lower band)}}{\text{Middle band}} × 100$$

Falling bandwidth reflects decreasing volatility, while  rising bandwidth reflects increasing volatility.

## Momentum Oscillators

Momentum oscillators, also called rate of change oscillators, are computed by taking the most recent closing price, subtracting the closing price recorded on a specified trading day in the past, and finally multiplying the result by a factor of 100:

$$M = (V – V_x)100$$

Where:

$$M$$ = Momentum oscillator.

$$V$$ = Most recent closing price.

$$V_x$$ = Closing price as at a specified date in the past, say 10 days ago.

It is common to find market participants buying when the oscillator shifts from positive to negative during an uptrend. Alternatively, they may sell when the oscillator shifts from positive to negative during a downtrend.

Oscillators can be used to:

• Determine the strength of a trend.
• Signal an upcoming trend reversal.

## Stochastic Oscillators

The Stochastic Oscillator is a technical indicator that compares a security’s most recent closing price to its highest and lowest prices over a given time period. It provides readings that fluctuate between zero and 100 to indicate  a security’s momentum. Stochastic oscillators are used to identify overbought and undersold levels. Besides, they show  points where the fast stochastic line and the slow stochastic line intersect. A major drawback of the stochastic oscillator is giving false signals, especially during periods of volatile trading conditions. The stochastic oscillator has a default setting of 14-days.

The stochastic oscillator is composed of two lines, called %K and %D, calculated as follows:

$$\%K=100\left(\frac{C-L14}{H14-L14}\right)$$

Where:

$$C$$ = Latest closing price.

$$L14$$ = Lowest price in the past 14 days.

$$H14$$ = Highest price in the past 14 days.

$$%D$$ = Average of the last three %K values calculated daily.

When the $$%K$$ moves from below the $$%D$$ line to above it, it reflects a bullish signal. On the other hand, when $$%K$$ moves from above the $$%D$$ line to below it, this pattern reflects a bearish signal.

### Moving-average Convergence/Divergence Oscillator (MACD)

The moving-average convergence/divergence oscillator (commonly referred to as the MACD) is the difference between short-term (i.e., 12 days) and long-term moving averages (i.e., 26 days) of the security’s price. It is constructed by calculating two lines, the MACD line, and the signal line. MACD oscillates around zero and has no upper or lower limit. When the MACD is trending in the same direction as price, this pattern reflects convergence, and when the two are trending in opposite directions, the pattern reflects divergence.

The MACD can be used in technical analysis to:

• note crossovers of the MACD line and the signal line.
• identify when the MACD is outside its normal range for given security.
• use trendlines on the MACD.

### Relative Strength Index (RSI)

The RSI measures both the speed and the rate of change in market price movements. The RSI oscillator’s values, which are usually monitored over a 14-day period, oscillate between zero and 100. When the Relative Strength Index falls below 30, it suggests oversold market conditions, and when it rises above 70, it shows overbought market conditions. It is calculated as follows:

$$RSI=100-\frac{100}{1+RS}$$

Where,

$$S=\frac{\sum(Up\ changes\ for\ the\ period\ under\ consideration)}{\sum(Down\ changes\ for\ the\ period\ under\ consideration)}$$

## Sentiment Indicators

Sentiment indicators comprise a range of periodic polls conducted with the aim of sampling the sentiments of individual investors or investment professionals about the equity market.

There are two types of sentiment indicators:

1. Investor polls: periodic polls conducted with the aim of gauging the sentiments of individual investors or investment professionals about the equity market.
2. Calculated statistical indexes: sentiment indicators obtained from market data such as price. The commonly used ones are:
• Pull or call ratio: This is the volume of pull options divided by the call options traded for a specific security. Investors that buy put options are pessimistic about a security, while those that buy call options are optimistic about a security. Ideally, the value of call options is higher than that of put options, and therefore the value of the pull option is normally below 1.0.
• Volatility index: This is the CBOE volatility index (VIX). The Chicago Board Options Exchange calculates it from option prices. When VIX rises, investors suffer  the fear of a pending decline.

## Question

Which of the following is least likely a momentum oscillator?

1. Bollinger Bands.
2. Relative Strength Index (RSI).
3. Moving-average Convergence/Divergence Oscillator (MACD).

Solution

Bollinger bands are price-based indicators.

B and C are incorrect. MACD and RSI are momentum oscillators and not price-based indicators.

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