Fiscal policy involves the utilization of government spending and altering tax revenue to influence a number of economic aspects such as the level of aggregate demand, the redistribution of income and wealth, and the allocation of resources. Roles and Objectives…

Monetary policy is used in the stabilization of prices and inflation control. However, monetary policy has quite a number of shortcomings and, as such, usually does not reach expectations. These shortcomings are discussed below.

The central bank of any nation worldwide has the main responsibility of managing the monetary policy of the country. They also often have the responsibility of maintaining price stability and inflation. To be more effective in their responsibilities, central banks…

The national debt is the total amount of money owed by the central government. It is important for a country to grow its economy and, at the same time, reduce its national debt. Many believe that government debt can cause…

A central bank is a national institution granted the prerogative to control the printing and supply of money and credit. Central banks play important roles in the economy since they are the sole suppliers of currency to the government, bankers…

Economic Growth Each nation’s government takes steps to help the economy achieve the goals of employment, stable prices, and growth. Monetary policy is one of the mechanisms a central bank uses to manipulate the entire level of economic growth by…

Central banks implement the monetary policy using a number of instruments. These affect the aggregate demand through the supply of money, cost of money, and credit availability. The three main tools central banks use to implement monetary policies are discussed…

Expected Inflation Expected inflation is the inflation that economic agents anticipate in the future. Expected inflation leads to “menu cost,” which refers to a scenario in which businesses change their advertised prices constantly. The constant fluctuation of prices is due…

Objectives of Central Banks The main objective of a central bank is to ensure financial stability. Depending on the country, central banks might have other objectives such as controlling inflation, unemployment, interest rates, or exchange rates. However, all these objectives…

The Fisher effect was developed by an economist named Irvin Fisher. This effect is directly connected to the neutrality of money. It states that in an economy, the real interest rate is stable and that changes in nominal interest rates…