Benefits of Securitization
Securitization is a method that encompasses the pooling and transferring of the ownership of assets that generate cash flow, such as loans or receivables, to a special legal entity. This entity then offers securities, which are underpinned by these assets,…
Weighted-Average Cost of Capital
Cost of Capital The cost of capital is the rate of return the suppliers of capital (shareholders and debtholders) require as compensation for their capital contribution. In other words, the cost of capital can be seen as the opportunity cost…
Returns of Alternative Investments
Custom Fee Arrangements Hedge fund fees are often split into management and incentive fees. For example, a “2 and 20” fee structure implies that a fund manager charges an investor a 2% management fee based on the asset under management…
Macro Risk, Business Risk, and Financial Risk
Macro risk originates from political, economic, legal, and other institutional factors in an economy, country, or region. As such, some of the factors that catalyze macro-risk include exchange rates, political instability, and gaps in legal or financial structure. Business risks…
Tools of Geopolitics
Geopolitical tools refer to methods used by geopolitical actors to strengthen their interests to others. These tools ultimately result in geopolitical risk. Tools of geopolitics may be separated into: i. National Security Tools Tools for national security are those that…
Relationship between Normal Distribution and Lognormal Distribution
A variable \(X\) is said to have a lognormal distribution if \(Y = ln(X)\) is normally distributed, where “ln” denotes the natural logarithm. In other words, when the logarithms of values form a normal distribution, we say that the original…
