Leverage in investment involves borrowing funds to be invested, which can amplify the results obtained in a portfolio. When the excess return from borrowed funds exceeds the cost of borrowing, leverage can enhance portfolio performance. However, in the case of…

Accurately modeling fixed income return involves carefully considering all potential factors contributing to gains and losses when holding the security. The model can produce precise output by thoroughly examining each component and applying sound financial concepts. Though the process may…

Liquidity in the financial markets refers to the ease of converting an asset into cash through a sale and the relative ease of buying assets. Assets quickly and easily converted at their intrinsic value are considered liquid. On the other…

Macaulay duration represents the weighted average time to receive a bond's promised payments. It serves as both a sensitivity and time measurement. Modified duration is derived from the Macaulay duration statistic divided by one plus the yield per period. This…

Fixed income is also known as debt securities. It is one of the largest financial markets globally, alongside real estate. The fixed-income market has various segments based on credit qualities. It includes types of interest rate agreements: fixed vs. floating….

Reading 4: Overview of Asset Allocation Los 4 a: Describe elements of effective investment governance and investment governance considerations in asset allocation Los 4 b: Formulate an economic balance sheet for a client and interpret its implications for asset allocation…

Behavioral Biases Loss aversion refers to the irrational dislike of losses in a portfolio. It manifests when an investor, despite recognizing a stock’s positive metrics and including it in their portfolio, impulsively sells it when it faces a downturn. Goals-based…

Strategic asset allocation (SAA) is the predetermined distribution of assets in a portfolio based on long-term goals and is established in an investment policy statement (IPS). On the other hand, tactical asset allocation (TAA) involves making short-term adjustments to the…

Real-world asset allocations seldom remain static throughout the entire lifecycle of a portfolio. Analysts are advised to reassess asset allocation regularly. Analysts can run these reassessments at least annually and after significant events like market volatility or significant changes in…

Commonalities Among Global Tax Codes As a global institution, CFA Institute® does not obligate candidates to study the tax codes of specific jurisdictions. However, certain commonalities in tax treatment are widely applicable and essential for the exam and the candidate’s…