Beta and CAPM
Quick Reference: CAPM Beta Formula Formula: $$ \beta = \frac{\text{Cov}\left(\text{R}_{\text{i}}, \text{R}_{\text{m}}\right)}{\text{Var}\left(\text{R}_{\text{m}}\right)} $$ $$\begin{array}{c|l} \textbf{Term} & \textbf{Meaning} \\ \hline \text{R}_{\text{i}} & \text{Return of individual asset} \\ \hline \text{R}_{\text{m}} & \text{Return of the market portfolio} \\ \hline \text{Cov}\left(\text{R}_{\text{i}}, \text{R}_{\text{m}}\right) & \text{Covariance between…
Demystifying Forward Rate Agreements (Calculations for CFA® and FRM® Exams)
A forward rate agreement (FRA) is a cash-settled over-the-counter (OTC) contract between two counterparties, where the buyer is borrowing (and the seller is lending) a notional sum at a fixed interest rate (the FRA rate) and for a specified period starting at…
FRM Exam Preparation
The world is currently in a dark place with the ongoing rise in coronavirus cases. The adverse effects brought about by the pandemic are despicable. People and industries alike have been affected. There is an imminent risk of companies going…
Necessary Skills Needed to Pass the CFA® Exams
In this article, we are assuming that you are already enrolled in the CFA® Program, and if not, you are an aspiring CFA Program candidate. Most, if not all, CFA Program candidates wish to pass their CFA exams on their…
CFA® Exam Grading
The long wait for the release of CFA® exam scores by CFA Institute can be a period filled with a lot of uncertainty. Did you pass the exams? Did you not? Should you be saving up for the next level…
