Demand and Supply of Money

Supply of Money

Just like any other market, demand and supply of money will interact to produce an equilibrium price of money.

The graph below shows the supply and demand for money.

The money supply (MS – M/P) is vertical since it is assumed that there is a constant amount of money at any given time. On the other hand, the money demand (MD – L(i,Y)) curve is downward sloping since an increase in the interest rate makes the speculative demand for money to fall.

The Demand for Money

The demand for money is the amount of money individuals in an economy wish to hold at a particular time. Bonds, treasury bills, or treasury certificates are not included in the theory of the demand for money. The demand for money is motivated by three main reasons. These reasons are the pillars behind individuals’ desire to hold liquidity (money), and they include:

• transaction motive: people hold money because they need it to carry out business and financial transactions;

• precautionary motive: money is held as a precaution against uncertainty. In other words, people desire to hold money in preparation for any emergency that might befall them; and

• speculation motive: here, money is held in anticipation of a future decline in the prices of assets or goods and services. Holders of money in such an instance aim at benefiting by purchasing assets, goods and services at cheaper prices.

The Quantity Theory of Money

The quantity theory of money is the most discussed theory of money. The theory can be expressed using the equation of exchange:

$$M\times V = P\times Y$$

Where:

\(M\) is the quantity of money;

\(V\) is the velocity of circulation of money in the economy;

\(P\) is the price level; and

\(Y\) is the real output.

Thus, the amount of money used to purchase goods and services in an economy, M × V, is equal to the money value of this output, P × Y. However, if the velocity is constant, then the spending, P × Y, is relatively proportional to M. The quantity equation can also explain the consequence of money neutrality.

In most cases, if there is money neutrality, then the increase in money supply, M, will not affect the real output, Y, or the velocity of money, V. Since there is no effect of real output, there will be no need to exchange money rapidly. However, it causes the aggregate price to rise.

The quantity theory of money gave birth to the principle that price levels and inflation rates can be controlled by the growth rate of the money supply. As a result, the quantity of money in circulation depends on the level of economic activity.

Question

The transactions motive most likely refers to the desire to hold money:

A. as a buffer against unseen events;

B. to purchase goods and services; or

C. based on the opportunity or risk available on other financial instruments.

Solution

The correct answer is B.

Money held for transactions motive is used to purchase goods and services.

Option A, a buffer against unseen events, is a precautionary motive for holding money.

Option C, the risk available on other financial instruments, refers to the speculative motive.

Reading 16 LOS 16d:

describe theories of the demand for and supply of money.