{"id":15268,"date":"2021-05-11T20:27:25","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T20:27:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/?p=15268"},"modified":"2026-02-27T19:52:27","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T19:52:27","slug":"project-analysis-and-evaluation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/cfa-level-2\/project-analysis-and-evaluation\/","title":{"rendered":"Project Analysis and Evaluation"},"content":{"rendered":"<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@graph\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1.jpg\",\r\n      \"caption\": \"Cash Flows \u2013 Project A\",\r\n      \"width\": 1590,\r\n      \"height\": 741,\r\n      \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\r\n      \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\r\n      \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\r\n      \"creator\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n        \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2.jpg\",\r\n      \"caption\": \"Cash Flows \u2013 Project B\",\r\n      \"width\": 1590,\r\n      \"height\": 741,\r\n      \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\r\n      \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\r\n      \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\r\n      \"creator\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n        \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"Which mutually exclusive project should Cran Ltd. select based on EAA?\",\r\n    \"text\": \"Cran Ltd. is evaluating two mutually exclusive projects with a required rate of return of 10%.\\n\\nProject Alpha:\\nInitial Outlay: ($115,000)\\nYear 1: $30,000\\nYear 2: $35,000\\nYear 3: $30,000\\nYear 4: $25,000\\nYear 5: $25,000\\nYear 6: $30,000\\n\\nProject Delta:\\nInitial Outlay: ($100,000)\\nYear 1: $45,000\\nYear 2: $25,000\\nYear 3: $30,000\\nYear 4: $40,000\\n\\nWhich project should Cran Ltd. select?\\n\\nA. Project Alpha.\\n\\nB. Project Delta.\\n\\nC. Both Project Alpha and Project Delta.\",\r\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is B. Although Project Alpha has a slightly higher NPV, the projects are mutually exclusive and have different lifespans. Using the Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) method, Project Delta has a higher EAA ($3,605.36) compared to Project Alpha ($3,046.50). Therefore, Project Delta should be selected.\"\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xogHz4B701M\" width=\"611\" height=\"343\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Mutually Exclusive Projects with Unequal Lives<\/h2>\r\n<p>Mutually exclusive projects compete for resources and management can therefore only pick one or a few out of a group of profitable projects. Usually, the project(s) with the highest NPV is (are) the most suitable. However, projects that need to be replaced and\/or that have unequal lives complicate the analysis. In finance, this is often called a replacement chain.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Ways of Comparing Mutually Exclusive Projects in a Replacement Chain<\/h3>\r\n<h4>Least Common Multiple of Lives Approach<\/h4>\r\n<p>Consider two projects with unequal lives:<\/p>\r\n<p>$$ \\textbf{End of Year Cashflows} $$<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{l|c|c} \\text{Year} &amp; \\text{Project A} &amp; \\text{Project B} \\\\ \\hline0 &amp; -300 &amp; -200 \\\\ \\hline1 &amp; 170 &amp; 150 \\\\ \\hline2 &amp; 150 &amp; 160 \\\\ \\hline3 &amp; 130 &amp; \\\\ \\hline\\text{NPV} &amp; \\$76.18 &amp; \\$68.60 \\\\ \\hline\\text{RRR} &amp; 10\\% &amp;10\\%\\\\\u00a0 \\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>We can determine the NPV of the replacement chain as follows:<\/p>\r\n<p>For both projects, the least common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Project A: Two replacements.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Project B: Three replacements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22915\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cash Flows - Project A\" width=\"1590\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1.jpg 1590w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1-1024x477.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1-768x358.jpg 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1-1536x716.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_1-400x186.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22916\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2.jpg\" alt=\"Cash Flows - Project B\" width=\"1590\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2.jpg 1590w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2-1024x477.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2-768x358.jpg 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2-1536x716.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Img_2-400x186.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The above means that means investing in Project A is equivalent to receiving $76.18 at times 0 and 3 while investing in Project B is equivalent to receiving $68.60 at times 0, 2 and 4.<\/p>\r\n<p>The present values of the cash flow patterns are:<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\text{PV}_{A}=76.18+\\frac{76.18}{1.10^{3}}=$133.42$$<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\text{PV}_{B}=68.60+\\frac{68.60}{1.10^{2}}+\\frac{68.60}{1.10^{4}}=$172.15$$<\/p>\r\n<h4>Equivalent Annual Annuity Approach<\/h4>\r\n<p>The equivalent annual annuity (EAA) is a series of payments over the life of the project that is equal to the NPV.<\/p>\r\n<p>EAA can be calculated in two steps:<\/p>\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\">\r\n\t<li>Determine the NPV of the investment.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Calculate the annuity payment that has a value equal to the NPV.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h5>Project A<\/h5>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{NPV}= $76.18\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{N} = 3\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{i} =10\\%\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{PMT} =$30.63\\)<\/p>\r\n<h5>Project B<\/h5>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{NPV}=$68.60\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{N} = 2\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{i}=10\\%\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\text{PMT} =$39.53\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>We will select Project B since it has a higher equivalent annual annuity (EAA) of $39.53.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Capital Rationing<\/h2>\r\n<p>Capital rationing is an approach that investors or companies adopt to limit the number of projects that they choose to invest in at a time. With several profitable investments, capital rationing helps in selecting the project with highest profitability. This is applicable when the company has a fixed capital budget.<\/p>\r\n<p>Suppose Company X has a fixed capital budget of $1,200 and the opportunity to invest in 3 projects. The exhibit below details the 3 projects.<\/p>\r\n<p>$$ \\textbf{Projects A, B, and C} $$<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{l|c|c|c|c} &amp; \\textbf{Investment Outlay} &amp; \\textbf{NPV} &amp; \\textbf{PI} &amp; \\textbf{IRR} \\\\ \\hline\\text{Project A} &amp; 200 &amp; 70 &amp; 1.35 &amp; 16 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Project B} &amp; 800 &amp; 220 &amp; 1.5 &amp; 15 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Project C} &amp; 200 &amp; -60 &amp; 0.7 &amp; 10\\\\\u00a0 \\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>With a fixed capital budget of $1,200, the analyst will choose Project A and Project B to get an NPV of $290 and will remain with $200 of the capital budget. If the analyst chooses to invest in Project C, he will reduce his NPV to $230. When a company has a fixed capital budget, the PI is handy since it shows the profitability of each investment per dollar amount invested. However, the IRR is not as reliable as NPV and PI in selecting projects under capital rationing because high IRR investments may have low NPVs.<\/p>\r\n<p>Capital rationing has a tendency of misallocating resources and violating the market efficiency hypothesis if resources are not invested in areas that generate the highest returns. Corporations that use capital rationing either use hard capital rationing (managers have a fixed capital budget that they cannot change) or soft capital rationing (managers have more freedom to go beyond the budget if the investment is profitable).<\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<h2>Question<\/h2>\r\n<p>Cran Ltd. has come across two projects it would like to consider investing in. The two projects are mutually exclusive. The companies required rate of return is 10%.<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{l|c|c}\u00a0 &amp; \\textbf{Project Alpha} &amp; \\textbf{Project Delta} \\\\ \\hline\\text{Outlay} &amp; (\\$115,000) &amp; (\\$100,000) \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 1 cash flows} &amp; \\$30,000 &amp; \\$45,000\\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 2 cash flows} &amp; \\$35,000 &amp; \\$25,000 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 3 cash flows} &amp; \\$30,000 &amp; \\$30,000\\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 4 cash flows} &amp; \\$25,000 &amp; \\$40,000\\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 5 cash flows} &amp; \\$25,000 &amp; {}\\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 6 cash flows} &amp; \\$30,000 &amp; {}\\\\\u00a0 \\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>Cran Ltd. will <em>most likely<\/em> select:<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0A. Project Alpha.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0B. Project Delta.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0C. Both Project Alpha and Project Delta.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>The correct answer is B.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>First, we will calculate the NPV for each project.<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{l|c|c|c|c} &amp; \\textbf{Project Alpha} &amp; \\textbf{PV} &amp; \\textbf{Project Delta} &amp; \\textbf{PV} \\\\ \\hline\\text{Outlay} &amp; (\\$ 115,000) &amp; &amp; (\\$100,000) &amp; \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 1} &amp; \\$ 30,000 &amp; \\$ 27,273 &amp; \\$ 45,000 &amp; \\$ 40,909.50 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 2} &amp; \\$ 35,000 &amp; \\$ 28,924 &amp; \\$ 25,000 &amp; \\$ 20,660 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 3} &amp; \\$ 30,000 &amp; \\$ 22,539 &amp; \\$ 30,000 &amp; \\$ 22,539 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 4} &amp; \\$ 25,000 &amp; \\$ 17,075 &amp; \\$ 40,000 &amp; \\$ 27,320 \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 5} &amp; \\$ 25,000 &amp; \\$ 15,522.50 &amp; &amp; \\\\ \\hline\\text{Year 6} &amp; \\$ 30,000 &amp; \\$ 16,935 &amp; &amp; \\\\ \\hline\\text{Outlay} &amp; &amp; (\\$ 115,000) &amp; &amp; (\\$ 100,000) \\\\ \\hline\\textbf{NPV} &amp; &amp;\u00a0 \\bf{\\$ 13,268.50} &amp; &amp; \\bf{\\$ 11,428.50}\\\\\u00a0 \\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>Now that we have calculated the NPV, we will go ahead and calculate the EAA for each project.<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\text{EAA for Project Alpha}=\\frac{13,268.50}{\\frac{1}{0.1}\\bigg[1-\\frac{1}{(1+0.1)^{6}}\\bigg]}=$3,046.50$$<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\text{EAA for Project Delta}=\\frac{11,428.50}{\\frac{1}{0.1}\\bigg[1-\\frac{1}{(1+0.1)^{4}}\\bigg]}=$3,605.36.50$$<\/p>\r\n<p>We will select Project Delta since it has a higher equivalent annual annuity of $3,605.36.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>A is incorrect. <\/strong>\u00a0While Project Alpha has a higher NPV than Project Delta, its equivalent annual annuity is lower than that of Project Delta. This means that Project Alpha has lower constant annual cashflows over its lifespan.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>C is incorrect. <\/strong>Because we can only choose one project since the question clearly states that the two projects are mutually exclusive.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p><em>Reading 19: Capital Budgeting<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>LOS 19 (c) Evaluate capital projects and determine the optimal capital project in situations of;<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\">\r\n\t<li><em>Mutually exclusive projects with unequal live using either the least common multiple approach or the equivalent annual annuity approach and <\/em><\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Capital rationing<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mutually Exclusive Projects with Unequal Lives Mutually exclusive projects compete for resources and management can therefore only pick one or a few out of a group of profitable projects. Usually, the project(s) with the highest NPV is (are) the most&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,346],"tags":[348,216,351,350,349,341],"class_list":["post-15268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cfa-level-2","category-corporate-finance-cfa-level-2","tag-capital-rationing","tag-cfa-level-2","tag-equivalent-annual-annuity-approach","tag-least-common-multiple-of-lives-approach","tag-mutually-exclusive-projects-with-unequal-lives","tag-reading-19-capital-budgeting","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Project Analysis &amp; Evaluation | CFA Level 2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn project 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