{"id":15008,"date":"2021-05-10T09:36:04","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T09:36:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/?p=15008"},"modified":"2026-07-06T18:57:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T18:57:19","slug":"black-option-valuation-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/study-notes\/cfa-level-2\/black-option-valuation-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Black Option Valuation Model"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"The US 30 index is at $30,605, and a futures contract on it trades at $30,400. The exercise price is $30,000, the continuously compounded risk-free rate is 1.75%, time to expiration is two months, and volatility is 15%. Given N(d1) = 0.6388 and N(d2) = 0.6156, which option best describes how the Black model values a European call option on the futures contract?\",\r\n    \"answerCount\": 3,\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is A. The call value is the present value of the difference between the current futures price times 0.6388 and the exercise price times 0.6156. Under the Black model for options on futures, the European call value is calculated as c0 = e^(-rT)[F0(T)N(d1) - KN(d2)], where F0(T) is the current futures price, K is the exercise price, and e^(-rT) discounts the expected payoff to present value.\"\r\n    },\r\n    \"suggestedAnswer\": [\r\n      {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The current futures price times 0.6388 and the exercise price times 0.6156.\"\r\n      },\r\n      {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The exercise price times 0.6156 and the current futures price times 0.6388.\"\r\n      },\r\n      {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The current spot price times 0.6388 and the exercise price times 0.6156.\"\r\n      }\r\n    ]\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n<p>The black option valuation model is a modified version of the BSM model used for options on underlying securities that are costless to carry, including options on futures and forward contracts.<\/p>\r\n<p>Similar to the BSM model, the black model assumes that future prices follow geometric Brownian motion.<\/p>\r\n<p>The black option model values for European call and put options are expressed as:<\/p>\r\n<p>European call: \\(c_{0}=e^{-rT}[F_{0}(T)N(d_{1})-KN(d_{2})]\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>European put: \\(p_{0}=e^{-rT}[KN(-d_{2})-F_{0}(T)N(-d_{1})]\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>Where:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>$$d_{1}=\\frac{ln\\bigg(\\frac{F_{0}(T)}{K}\\bigg)+\\frac{\\sigma^{2}}{2}T}{\\sigma\\sqrt{T}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>and\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>$$d_{2}=d_{1}-\\sigma\\sqrt{T}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(F_{0}(T)\\) = Futures price at time 0 that expires at time T<\/p>\r\n<p>\\(\\sigma\\)= volatility of returns on the futures price<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"margin: 18px 0;\">\r\n  <a style=\"display: block; text-align: center; padding: 14px 18px; border: 2px solid #2F5BFF; border-radius: 18px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 600; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; background-color: #1a73e8;\" href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\r\n    Master CFA Level 2 Black option valuation concepts with AnalystPrep\u2019s Free Trial.\r\n  <\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Example: Black Option Valuation<\/h3>\r\n<p>The NASDAQ index is currently at $12,900. A three-month futures contract on the index trades at $12,800. The exercise price is $12,750, the continuously compounded risk-free rate is 1%, volatility is 15%, and the index has a dividend yield of 2%.<\/p>\r\n<p>The above information has been used to obtain the following results for both call and put options on the futures contract:<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{|cc|cc|}\\hline\\textbf{Calls}&amp;{}&amp;\\textbf{Puts}&amp;{}\\\\\\hline\\text{N}(\\text{d}_{1})&amp;0.5636&amp;\\text{N}(-\\text{d}_{1})&amp;0.4364\\\\ \\hline\\text{N}(\\text{d}_{2})&amp;0.5339&amp;\\text{N}(-\\text{d}_{2})&amp;0.4661\\\\ \\hline\\text{C}_{0}&amp;405.84&amp;\\text{p}_{0}&amp;355.83\\\\ \\hline\\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>The values of a European call option and the put option on the futures contract are closest to:<\/p>\r\n<p>European call: \\(c_{0}=e^{-rT}[F_{0}(T)N(d_{1})-KN(d_{2})]\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>$$c_{0}=e^{-0.01\\times0.25}[12,800\\times0.5636-12,750\\times0.5339]=$405.84$$<\/p>\r\n<p>European put: \\(p_{0}=e^{-rT}[KN(-d_{2})-F_{0}(T)N(-d_{1})]\\)<\/p>\r\n<p>$$p_{0}=e^{-0.01\\times0.25}[12,750\\times0.4661-12,800\\times0.4364]=$355.96$$<\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<h2>Question<\/h2>\r\n<p>The US 30 index is at $30,605. A futures contract on it trades at $30,400. The exercise price is $30,000, the continuously compounded risk-free rate is 1.75%, the time to a futures contract and options expiration is two months, and the volatility is 15%. The US 30 dividend yield is 1.8%. The following results have been determined using the above information:<\/p>\r\n<p>$$\\small{\\begin{array}{|cc|cc|}\\hline\\textbf{Calls}&amp;{}&amp;\\textbf{Puts}&amp;{}\\\\\\hline\\text{N}(\\text{d}_{1})&amp;0.6388&amp;\\text{N}(-\\text{d}_{1})&amp;0.3612\\\\ \\hline\\text{N}(\\text{d}_{2})&amp;0.6156&amp;\\text{N}(-\\text{d}_{2})&amp;0.3844\\\\ \\hline\\text{C}_{0}&amp;948.75&amp;\\text{p}_{0}&amp;549.91\\\\ \\hline\\end{array}}$$<\/p>\r\n<p>Which of the following options best describes how the Black model is used to value a European call option on the futures contract. The call value is the present value of the difference between:<\/p>\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\r\n\t<li>The current futures price times 0.6388 and the exercise price times 0.6156.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The exercise price times 6156 and the current futures price times 0.6388.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The current spot price times 0.6388, and the exercise price times 0.6156.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>The correct answer is A:<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>The value of a European call option on a futures contract is obtained using the formula:<\/p>\r\n<p>$$c_{0}=e^{-rT}[F_{0}(T)N(d_{1})-KN(d_{2})]$$<\/p>\r\n<p>The above formula implies that the valuation of a European call option based on the Black model involves calculating the present value of the difference between the futures price and the exercise price.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p><em>Reading 38: Valuation of Contingent Claims<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p><em>LOS 38 (i) describe how the Black model is used to value European options on futures;<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 30px 0;\">\r\n  <a style=\"display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 26px; border-radius: 9999px; background: #1e5bd8; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\r\n    Start Free Trial \u2192\r\n  <\/a>\r\n  \r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;\">\r\n    Build confidence in CFA Level 2 derivatives with study notes, practice questions, mock exams, and video lessons covering the Black option valuation model and exam-style applications.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The black option valuation model is a modified version of the BSM model used for options on underlying securities that are costless to carry, including options on futures and forward contracts. Similar to the BSM model, the black model assumes&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,302],"tags":[334,216,304],"class_list":["post-15008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cfa-level-2","category-derivatives","tag-black-option-valuation-model","tag-cfa-level-2","tag-derivatives","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Black Option Valuation Model | CFA Level 2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how the Black option valuation model prices options on futures and forwards using a modified Black-Scholes framework. 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