Study Materials for CFA®, FRM®, Actuarial and GMAT® Exams

# GMAT® Verbal Practice Questions

### What is GMAT’s Integrated Reasoning Questions?

Integrated reasoning questions are designed to measure your ability to integrate data in order to solve complex problems, which is a crucial business leadership skill when it comes to decision making. In particular, integrated reasoning questions will assess your ability to synthesize information, evaluate important information, organize information to identify relationships, and combine and analyze information from different sources.

Integrated reasoning involves quantitative and verbal reasoning, which may appear separately or combined. Note that integrated reasoning questions usually require more than one response, and also an online calculator will be provided. Most importantly, you MUST ANSWER ALL RESPONSES TO A QUESTION CORRECTLY, as partial credit is not awarded.

### What are theTypes of Integrated Reasoning Questions?

Integrated reasoning questions come in four types:

1. Table Analysis: Assesses how well you can sort and analyze a table of data in order to identify the data that is relevant or that meets particular conditions.
2. Multi-Source Reasoning: Examines your ability to analyze data from multiple sources (text passages, tables, graphics, or a combination of the three) and to analyze each source carefully to address multiple questions. For instance, you might be asked to determine the relevance of a given data.
3. Two-Part Analysis: Assess whether you can solve complex problems, such as quantitative, verbal, or a combination of the two. For instance, some questions may involve solving simultaneous equations.
4. Graphics Interpretation: Involves questions given in the form of a graph such as a bar chart, pie chart, or a statistical curve distribution, which require you to identify relationships and draw inferences.
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## GMAT Verbal Problems

### Sentence Correction – Long Underlines

At the end of a busy year, she was looking for an assistant – someone not only who could manage the books for her small business, but imitate her idiosyncratic filing system in order to make her more productive and efficient in the next business year.

A) someone not only who could manage the books for her small business, but imitating her idiosyncratic filing system in her home office in order to make

B) someone who could not only manage the books for her small business, but also imitate her idiosyncratic filing system in order to make

C) someone who not only could manage the books for her small business, but also to imitate her idiosyncratic filing system in making

D) that being someone who could not only manage the books for her small business, but imitating her idiosyncratic filing system for making

E) being someone not only who could manage the books for her small business, but imitate her idiosyncratic organization style as well, making

A) In describing the qualities the business owner was seeking in an assistant, the sentence uses the construction not only… but also… In this construction the clauses need to be parallel or “match”—for example, not only noun, but also noun. This version is wordy and unparallel. While the two verbs in the not only…but also construction should be in the same form, here we have manage and imitating.

B) Correct. This version has a parallel construction. The construction not only…but also… is used correctly, making it clear which qualities the business owner seeks in an assistant. The two verbs in the sought-after assistant are the same: manage, imitate.

C) Manage is not the same form as to imitate, making this version unparallel. Finally, the best way to express the causal relationship between the assistant’s qualities and the business owner’s productivity and efficiency is to use the phrase in order to.

D) Instead of the shorter and clearer someone who, this version uses the longer phrase that being someone who, which is overly wordy.

E) Placing being in front of someone is potentially misleading; it could illogically refer to the business owner herself. The not only … but also … construction is also unparallel.

### Sentence Correction – Sentence Structure

Civil unrest often reflects community-driven demands within an overarching system, which advocate sympathetic attention to the inequities that such communities may have endured.

A) which advocate sympathetic attention to the inequities

B) which advocates sympathetic attention to the inequities

C) which sympathetically advocates attention to the inequities

D) of which the sympathetic advocacy of attention to the inequities

E) which advocates sympathetic attentions to the inequities

1. Correct. The verb “advocate” properly agrees with the word “demands”. The phrase “within an overarching system” further modifies “demands”, so there is no ambiguity concerning the word modified by “which”.
2. No. The verb “advocates” do not agree with the word “demands”.
3. No. The verb “advocates” do not agree with the word “demands”, and the word “sympathetically” should modify “attention”, not “advocacy”.
4. No. This construction results in a sentence fragment since there is no verb present in the clause.
5. No. “attentions” is an incorrect word choice.

### Sentence Correction – Secondary Issues

In the summer of 2003, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago was temporarily shut down for maintenance due to the heavy rains of the summer, which had caused their bathroom to accumulate mold and to produce an unpleasant odor.

A) Due to heavy rains of the summer, which had caused their bathroom to accumulate mold.

B) Because of the heavy summer rains, which had caused their bathroom to have an accumulation of mold.

C) Due to the summer’s heavy rain, which had resulted in the bathroom’s accumulation of mold.

D) Because the heavy rains of the summer had caused the bathroom to accumulate mold.

E) Because of heavy rains that were causing the bathroom’s accumulating mold.

Explanation: The subject “Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago” is a singular noun and requires a singular pronoun. The sentence implies that the water build-up from the heavy rains caused the mold and unpleasant odor. To rearrange the sentence to demonstrate the causal relationship, it needs to be clear that the heavy rains caused mold, which was the reason for closure for maintenance, rather than closure due to rain.

A. Due to implies that the reason for the closure and maintenance is linked to the summer’s heavy rain rather than the resulting mold and odor.

B. The pronoun their incorrectly matches the singular subject, the Museum. The structure of the second portion, “accumulation of mold,” does not agree with the parallel structure of the infinitive “to produce” in the second half of the sentence.

C. The pronoun correctly matches the singular subject, the Museum; however, the structure of the second portion, “accumulation of mold,” does not agree with the parallel structure of the infinitive “to produce” in the second half of the sentence.

D. Correct. This structure correctly indicates that the reason for closure is because the water caused an accumulation of mold and an odor, and the sentence uses parallel structures with the infinitive “to accumulate” matching the second infinitive “to produce.”

E. The structure more closely implies the cause-and-effect nature of the rains causing mold; however, the structure of the gerund “accumulating mold” does not agree with the infinitive “to produce.”

### Question 4

Human impacts on our planet have become so profound that many researchers now favor a new name for the current epoch: the Anthropocene. The underlying premise of this term is that essentially every Earth system, from the deep oceans to the upper atmosphere, has been significantly modified by human activity. Yet viewed through an environmental health lens—which recognizes the critical links between human health and the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe—humans’ growing influence on the planet threatens the very long-term survival of our species.

“There’s a bit of a paradox that we’re seeing for the last 100 to 150 years,” says Michael Myers, managing director for health at the Rockefeller Foundation. “Exploitation of the environment has contributed to human health. By exploiting Earth resources we have a more comfortable existence, and our life spans have increased considerably. But we’re now at a tipping point in which the exploitation of the environment is beginning to have a negative impact on human health.” The same natural systems that have benefited us for so long, he says, are now beginning to collapse.

From this realization has come another new term: planetary health. There is significant overlap between planetary health and traditional environmental health; both examine the relationship between human health and conditions and exposures originating outside the body, be they extreme temperatures, chemicals and biological agents, vector-borne diseases, or any number of other potential factors. However, planetary health, by definition, explicitly accounts for the importance of natural systems in terms of averted cases of disease and the potential harm that comes from human-caused perturbations of these systems—a consideration that has not necessarily factored into environmental health research to date.

Question 4.1

Which of the following statements may be inferred from the passage?

A) Humans did not contribute to environmental change prior to 150 years ago.

B) The term “anthropocene” is not uniformly accepted by researchers.

C) There is no overlap between the concepts of environmental and planetary health.

D) Environmental health is not systemic in nature.

E) Extreme temperatures were not common prior to the Anthropocene epoch

A. No. The passage provides no evidence to suggest that humans did not contribute to environmental change more than 150 years ago.

B. Yes. The fact that many researchers are embracing the new term “Anthropocene” indicates that the acceptance of the term is not uniform.

C. No. This choice is a reversal of the passage, which states that there is some overlap between planetary and environmental health.

D. No. While the passage indicates that planetary health is systemic, it does not address this aspect of environmental health.

E. No. The passage says nothing about extreme temperatures prior to the Anthropocene.

Question 4.2

For which of the following audiences is this passage most likely to have been written?

A) Visitors to a museum exhibition on climate.

B) Students in a high-school science class.

C) Regular readers of a scientific journal.

D) Attendees at an economics conference.

E) Potential funders for a geological non-profit organization.

A. No. The tone of the passage is more technical than would be expected at a museum exhibition.

B. No. The tone of the passage is more advanced than what would be expected in a high school class.

C. Yes. This choice is well suited to the tone of the passage.

D. No. This choice is outside the scope of the passage, which doesn’t deal explicitly with economic issues.

E. No. This choice is outside the scope of the passage, which does not address geology.

Question 4.3

Which of the following situations is most analogous to the paradox mentioned in the second paragraph?

A) Although digital technology initially improved working conditions, as burdens once undertaken by employees could now be done by computers, the increasing ability of computers to handle such tasks has begun to result in people losing their jobs entirely.

B) While UFOs have typically remained outside the realm of serious scientific study, the release of official documentation about such phenomena may help them to become more accepted in the scientific community.

C) Although draconian measures to stave off a public health hazard are likely to save many lives, it is likely that such measures may result in severe social and economic consequences.

D) Schools that offer gifted and talented programs sometimes run the risk of creating a divide between students who participate in those programs and those who don’t, a situation that can be detrimental to both groups if not handled correctly.

E) Investment in space exploration, while productive in terms of the generation of scientific knowledge and data, runs the risk of taking money away from non-space programs that may be of more benefit to the public.

A. Yes. Just as the exploitation of the environment for health reasons may negatively impact health in the long run, the exploitation of digital technology to facilitate labor may negatively impact labor.

B. No. The acceptance of UFOs by science is not analogous to the paradox mentioned in the passage.

C. No. That there are costs and benefits to a draconian approach to a public health hazard does not create a direct analogy to the paradox described in the passage.

D. No. That there are costs to the implementation of a gifted and talented program does not indicate a direct analogy to the paradox described in the passage.

E. No. That there are costs to space exploration does not indicate a direct analogy to the paradox described in the passage.

Question 4.4

Which of the following is NOT described in the passage as common to both environmental and planetary health?

A) Investigation of the relationship between health and temperature.

B) Investigation of the relationship between health and vector-borne illnesses.

C) Study of the relationship between health and systems.

D) Research into human health.

E) Investigation of chemical and biological agents.

A. No. This choice is not supported by the passage, which states that both environmental and planetary health are concerned with the relationship between health and temperature.

B. No. This choice is not supported by the passage, which states that both environmental and planetary health are concerned with the relationship between health and vector-borne disease.

C. Yes. This choice is explicitly supported by the passage, which discusses systems only in the context of planetary health.

D. No. This choice is not supported by the passage, which states that both environmental and planetary health consider health in general.

E. No. This choice is not supported by the passage, which states that both environmental and planetary health deal with chemical and biological agents.

Question 4.5

According to the passage, which of the following best summarizes the reason for the development of the planetary health concept?

A) Humans have modified the earth much more rapidly in recent decades than ever before.

B) The earth may run out of natural resources.

C) Scientists have become aware of the limitations of environmental health as a concept.

D) The earth has entered into the epoch known as the “Anthropocene”.

E) The planet has reached a tipping point beyond which once-protective natural systems are beginning to fail.

A. No. This choice is not supported by the passage. While the passage indicates that human impacts have accelerated, this observation is not cited as a direct reason for the development of the “planetary health” concept.

B. No. This choice is too extreme. The passage offers no evidence to suggest the earth may run out of resources.

C. No. This choice is tempting, but not supported by the passage as a direct reason for the development of the “planetary health” concept.

D. No. This choice is not supported by the passage. That some researchers believe the earth has entered into the “Anthropocene” has no impact on the development of the “planetary health” concept.

E. Yes. This choice is supported explicitly by the passage. That the earth has reached a “tipping point” is the immediate reason for the development of the “planetary health” concept.

Question 4.6

Which of the following is true of the “perturbations to the system” described in the passage?

A) They have an equal effect on environmental and planetary health.

B) They had no influence on planetary health prior to 150 years ago.

C) They temporarily disrupt an equilibrium.

D) They influence planetary but not environmental health.

E) They may be harmful to planetary health.

A. No. There is no evidence in the passage to suggest that the impacts on environmental and planetary health are equal.

B. No. This answer choice too extreme. While the passage suggests that human impacts over the past 100-150 years have led to a deterioration in planetary health, there is no evidence to suggest that there was no influence prior to this period.

C. No. There is no evidence in the passage to suggest that these perturbations temporarily disrupt an equilibrium.

D. No. There is no evidence in the passage to suggest that that these perturbations have no impact on environmental health.

E. Yes. This choice is supported explicitly by the passage. The perturbations to the system are potentially harmful to planetary health.

### Critical Reasoning – Basic Argumentation

Consultant: Palmer Corporation has historically contracted with external vendors to execute special projects as an alternative to increasing its full-time workforce to complete these tasks. Last year, Alliance International went bankrupt largely because it overspent on outside vendors. Palmer Corporation would be advised to limit expenses paid to outside vendors, because in the long run it costs less to add full-time workers than to outsource work to another entity.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the consultant in providing her recommendation to Palmer Corporation?

A) Outside vendors are often sought out by companies who have been tasked to complete work that outside of their primary scope.

B) Bankruptcy is not currently a concern of Palmer Corporation’s CEO or its Board of Directors.

C) Palmer Corporation has historically budgeted for no more than five special projects to be taken on by the company in any given year.

D) Alliance International and Palmer Corporation are competitors in the same industry.

E) Revenue generated by special projects at Palmer Corporation is not significantly greater than the amount paid to the outside vendors to execute them.

The correct answer must provide a fact that must be assumed to believe the recommendation that Palmer Corporation would be advised to limit expenses paid to outside vendors based on the evidence provided. Choice E is that fact, because if the opposite were true, that revenue generated by the Palmer Corporation special projects is significantly greater than what is paid to outside vendors to execute those projects, then there would be no reason for Palmer Corporation to alter its business practices pertaining to the external vendors executing the special projects.

### Critical Reasoning – Common Arguments

Student reporter: Awaiting results of the university council election, I noticed that the chairman of the board of electors repeatedly glanced at one of the candidates. Another observer posited that the attention paid to this candidate over the others indicated an advantage in the results tally and determined that this candidate had likely won. This deduction might be incorrect, however, as the chairman could have also been focused on inaccurate statements made in that candidate’s speech.

The student reporter’s argument is flawed in that it fails to consider that:

A) Not every board member may be required to attend every candidate campaign speech.

B) Disingenuous promises made by the candidate in question may have won votes.

C) There may be discrepancies found in the actual vote count.

D) The reporter and the other observer noticed the chairman’s furtive glances simultaneously.

E) The chairman of the board may have also looked at other candidates occasionally.

Nothing in the statements provided would indicate that both assertions cannot be true simultaneously. Therefore, choice B is correct because it articulates the flaw by articulating that those inaccurate statements of disingenuous promise led to the candidate in question having an advantage in the results tally even though the chairman could have also been focused on the statements as well.

### Sentence Correction – Long Underlines

The recent mayoral race in Littleville pitted two candidates with extensive experience against each other, although Marshall managed to win by a significant margin. Johnson boasted an outstanding record of government service, of which voters were well aware. However, Johnson’s policy on firearms was closely aligned with the powerful gun lobby in the city, which is viewed unfavorably by the vast majority of residents. Marshall, by contrast, devoted much of his platform to new legislation that would restrict firearm use and availability.

Which of the following is best inferred from the above statements?

A) Gun policy played a significant role in Marshall winning the election.

B) Marshall was always a stronger opponent of firearm availability than Johnson.

C) Government service was only a minimal factor in voters’ choice of mayor.

D) Johnson would have won the race if he had taken a stronger position against gun ownership.

E) Voters cared more about gun policy in this election than in past elections.

A. Yes. This answer choice can be directly inferred from the statements since a gun policy was a determining factor that played a significant role in Marshall winning the election.

B. No. This answer choice cannot be directly inferred from the statements since the argument provides no information about the previous policies of Marshall or Johnson.

C. No. This answer choice is too extreme. While gun policy apparently took precedence in voters’ choice of a mayor, there is no evidence that government service was only a minimal factor.

D. No. This answer is irrelevant to the statements since we cannot predict what may have happened under different circumstances.

E. No. This answer cannot be directly inferred from the statements since we have no information about past elections.

### Sentence Correction – Sentence Structure

This is an age where ephemeral work will likely even endure far longer than was once possible, at least in some form.

A) where ephemeral work will likely even endure far longer

B) in which even ephemeral work will likely endure far longer

C) where even ephemeral work will likely endure more

D) in which ephemeral work will likely even endure more

E) where ephemeral work likely will endure far more

A. No. The modifier “even” cannot modify the verb “endure”, and the specific pronoun “where” must refer to a place.

B. Yes. The modifier “even” properly modifies the noun “ephemeral work” and the pronoun phrase “in which” can describe “an age”.

C. No. The modifier “more than” does not properly refer to duration of time and the specific pronoun “where” must refer to a place.

D. No. The modifier “more than” does not properly refer to time.

E. No. The specific pronoun “where” must refer to a place and the modifier “more than” does not properly refer to duration of time.

### Reading Comprehension – Detail Purpose

In 2002, Jada Harris received a call from a student at East Carolina University, who was returning panels of the AIDS Memorial Quilt that had been temporarily displayed at his school. Harris, director of programs at the NAMES Project Foundation, which manages the Quilt, vividly recalls the conversation. The young man, who represented an African-American student group, nervously asked whether next time, the organization could send over panels that didn’t just represent “old white guys,” as he had phrased it.

Later, as Harris looked through the Quilt’s database, she realized that there were less than 300 individual panels made for African Americans who had died from HIV/AIDS. “I was just flabbergasted,” she said.

Like the disease, the Quilt had emerged within the white, gay, male community, which suffered the overwhelming majority of AIDS deaths during the early years of the epidemic. The first panels were sewn in San Francisco in 1987, each one bearing the name of a life lost to AIDS. The Quilt had been developed as a way to memorialize loved ones, and to salvage some sense of creation and beauty from the devastating loss.

But the demographics of the disease had shifted by the 21st century. By 2000, African-American and Hispanic gay and bisexual men were diagnosed at higher rates than their white counterparts, and African Americans made up 57 percent of all new infections in the United States. Infection rates had also begun to skyrocket within the female community: by 2004, HIV would become the leading cause of death for African-American women between 25–34 years old, and the third leading cause of death for African-American women between 35–44 years old.

And yet, new quilt panels continued to predominantly reflect the disease’s original demographics. “We as a nation weren’t necessarily recognizing that HIV and AIDS were impacting every sector of society,” said Julie Rhoad, executive director of the NAMES Project, which moved its headquarters from San Francisco to Atlanta in 2002. “And the Quilt was a reflection of that.”

In response, the NAMES Project launched Call My Name in 2003, which was later funded by the NEA. Although the Names Project has always hosted panel-making workshops, Call My Name workshops specifically target the African-American community, bringing people together to collectively grieve while creating a tribute for a loved one. While the workshops raise awareness in and of themselves, the panels they produce help ensure the Quilt remains a relevant and effective public health tool.

“It’s important that people see people that look like themselves, so they will understand that this disease doesn’t have any respect of person,” said Harris. “Everybody is represented on the Quilt, but unless the Quilt tells your story, it’s hard for people to see that there is a possibility that they could be at risk.”

Question 9.1: Which of the following best describes the trajectory of the passage?

A) A series of proposals are put forward concerning the best way to address a crisis; one such proposal is approved and acted upon.

B) An oversight is detected and quickly addressed; the way in which the oversight is resolved is questioned.

C) Attention is called to a disconnect between the way in which a crisis has been memorialized and the reality of that crisis; steps are taken to resolve that disconnect.

D) Several possible responses to a crisis are evaluated; no solution is immediately reached.

E) Conventional wisdom about a national tragedy is discussed; new research confirms that perspective.

A. No. This choice is unsupported by the passage, since there is no evidence to suggest that a series of proposals was put forward.

B. No. This choice is unsupported by the passage, since there is no evidence to suggest the inclusion of African-American names in the quilt was questioned.

C. Yes. This choice clearly summarizes the flow of the passage. Attention is called to the lack of African-American representation in the AIDS Memorial Quilt; Call My Name is a response to this oversight.

D. No. This choice is unsupported by the passage, since there is no evidence to suggest that several responses were evaluated.

E. No. This choice is unsupported by the passage, since the passage does not present research that confirms conventional wisdom about the AIDS crisis.

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