{"id":812,"date":"2019-10-10T20:04:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-10T20:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/?p=812"},"modified":"2026-03-17T12:02:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T12:02:28","slug":"gross-domestic-product-using-expenditure-and-income-approaches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/gross-domestic-product-using-expenditure-and-income-approaches\/","title":{"rendered":"Gross Domestic Product Using Expenditure and Income Approaches"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"VideoObject\",\n\n  \"name\": \"Aggregate Output, Prices, And Economic Growth (2022 Level I CFA\u00ae Exam \u2013 Reading 10)\",\n\n  \"description\": \"This video lesson covers aggregate output, prices, and economic growth, explaining macroeconomic analysis, GDP calculation via income and expenditure methods, real vs. nominal GDP, the relationship between saving, investment, and trade balance, aggregate supply and demand curves, economic fluctuations, equilibrium conditions, sources of economic growth, and the production function's role in growth analysis.\",\n\n  \"uploadDate\": \"2018-11-06T00:00:00+00:00\",\n\n  \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/path-to-thumbnail\/aggregate-output-thumbnail.jpg\",\n\n  \"contentUrl\": \"https:\/\/youtu.be\/cRMasYNNsVA\",\n\n  \"embedUrl\": \"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cRMasYNNsVA\",\n\n  \"duration\": \"PT34M44S\",\n\n  \"publisher\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\",\n    \"logo\": {\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/path-to-logo\/logo.jpg\",\n      \"width\": 600,\n      \"height\": 60\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Which of the following should least likely be included in measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?\",\n    \"text\": \"Which of the following should least likely be included in measuring the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"Welfare programs paid by the government.\",\n      \"confidence\": 0.61\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Using the sum-of-value-added method of calculating GDP, what is the value added by an artist who sells a painting for $500 after spending $200 on materials?\",\n    \"text\": \"Using the sum-of-value-added method of calculating GDP, which of the following is most likely the value added by the artist?\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"$300.\",\n      \"confidence\": 0.64\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  width=\"611\"\n  height=\"344\"\n  src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cRMasYNNsVA\"\n  title=\"YouTube video player\"\n  frameborder=\"0\"\n  allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\"\n  referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"\n  allowfullscreen>\n<\/iframe>\n\n\n<p>The aggregate output of an economy is the value of all the goods and services produced within a predetermined period of time. On the other hand, aggregate income refers to the economic value of all payments received by the suppliers of the factors of production of goods and services.<\/p>\n<h2>Approaches for Calculating GDP<\/h2>\n<p>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has two different approaches: the income approach and the expenditure (or output) approach. In the case of the income approach, GDP refers to the <strong>aggregate income earned by all households<\/strong>,<strong> companies<\/strong>,<strong> and the government that operate within an economy over a given period of time. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the expenditure (or output) approach, GDP refers to the <strong>market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy over a given period of time<\/strong>. Intuitively, GDP calculates how income and output flow in an economy.<\/p>\n<p>Naturally, the results obtained by the income approach must be equal to those obtained by the output approach.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><a style=\"display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 10px 18px; border: 2px solid #1a73e8; color: #1a73e8; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 999px; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px;\" href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Compare GDP Calculation Methods Using Income and Expenditure Approaches <\/a><\/div>\n<h2>Income Approach<\/h2>\n<p>Here, GDP can be calculated by taking the total amount earned by every household, company, and all firms in the economy. It\u2019s possible to express the income approach formula to GDP as follows:<\/p>\n<p>GDP = Total national income + Sales taxes + Depreciation + Net foreign factor income<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<p><em>Total national income<\/em> is equal to the sum of all wages plus rents plus interest and profits; and<\/p>\n<p><em>Net foreign factor income<\/em> is the difference between foreign payments to domestic citizens and domestic income payments to foreign citizens.<\/p>\n<h2>Expenditure Approach<\/h2>\n<p>In this approach, GDP must be calculated by taking the total amount spent on goods and services that have been produced in the economy within a given period of time.<\/p>\n<p>In the expenditure approach, there are two measurement methods used to calculate GDP. The first uses the value of final outputs, and the other method uses the sum of value-added.<\/p>\n<p>Usually, the formula used is:<\/p>\n<p>GDP = Gross private consumption expenditures (C) + Gross private investment (I) + Government purchases (G) + Exports (X) \u2013 Imports (M)<\/p>\n<h3>Criteria for Measuring Gross Domestic Product<\/h3>\n<p>The first criterion states that all goods and services included in the calculation must have been produced in the economy and during the period of measurement. Therefore, goods produced in the previous periods should not be included in the calculation. Moreover, transfer payments made by the government should also be excluded from the calculation. Usually, this could be in the form of compensations or welfare benefits.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, goods and services included in the calculation should only be those whose values can be determined by selling them in the market. As a result, this makes it possible for the price of supplied goods and services to be well determined.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, the calculation of GDP only includes the market value of final goods and services. Final goods are those that are not resold, as opposed to intermediate goods. An alternative approach to calculating GDP is by summing all the value-added during the production and distribution process.<\/p>\n<h3>Example of GDP Using the Expenditure Approach<\/h3>\n<p>The best example is that of a wheat farmer. This farmer sells one kilogram of his wheat to a miller at $0.21. The miller sells it to the baker at $0.49. The baker bakes bread and sells it to a retailer at $0.92. Consequently, the retailer then sells the bread to the final customer at $1.00. Finally, by using the final goods method, we come up with the following table:<\/p>\n<p>$$<br \/>\\begin{array}{l|c}<br \/>\\textbf{} &amp; \\textbf{Receipts at each stage (in \\$)} \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Receipt of the farmer from the miller} &amp; 0.21 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Receipt of a miller from the baker} &amp; 0.49 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Receipts of the baker from the retailer} &amp; 0.92 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Receipts of the retailer from a final customer} &amp; 1.00 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Value of final output} &amp; 1.00 \\\\<br \/>\\end{array}<br \/>$$<\/p>\n<p>By summing the total value added to the wheat, we get the following table:<\/p>\n<p>$$<br \/>\\begin{array}{l|c}<br \/>\\textbf{} &amp; \\begin{array}{c} \\textbf{Value added = Income created} \\\\ \\textbf{at each stage (in \\$)} \\end{array} \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Value added by the farmer} &amp; 0.21 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Value added by the miller} &amp; 0.28 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Value added by the baker} &amp; 0.43 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Value added by the retailer} &amp; 0.08 \\\\<br \/>\\hline<br \/>\\text{Total value added \/ total income earned} &amp; 1.00 \\\\<br \/>\\end{array}<br \/>$$<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h2><strong>Question 1<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Which of the following should <em>least likely<\/em> be included in measuring the Gross Domestic Product?<\/p>\n<p>A. Rent paid by a retailer<\/p>\n<p>B. The salary of a cleaning lady<\/p>\n<p>C. Welfare programs paid by the government<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The correct answer is C.<\/p>\n<p>Option A, the rent paid by retailers, must be included as value added to the goods sold by the retailer.<\/p>\n<p>Option B, the salary of the cleaning lady, must be included in finding the total income.<\/p>\n<p>However, Option C should not be included. Transfer payments include Social Security, Medicare, unemployment insurance, welfare programs, and subsidies. These are not included in GDP because they are not payments for goods or services but rather means of allocating money to achieve social ends.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Question 2<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Suppose an artist draws a painting, for which he spends $200 on painting materials. The artist then exposes the painting on his website and it gets sold at $500. Using the sum-of-value-added method of calculating GDP, which of the following is <em>most likely<\/em> the value added by the artist?<\/p>\n<p>A. $200<\/p>\n<p>B. $300<\/p>\n<p>C. $500<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To get the value added by the artist, one should subtract the cost of painting materials from the selling price.<\/p>\n<p>$500 &#8211; $200 = $300<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"notes_inv\"><hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/learning-sessions-curriculum-economics\/\"><em>Economics &#8211; Learning Sessions<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 40px 0;\"><a style=\"background: #1a73e8; color: #ffffff; padding: 14px 26px; border-radius: 999px; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Start Free Trial \u2192 <\/a>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 10px; font-size: 14px; color: #555;\">Access CFA Level I practice questions, video lessons, and study notes covering GDP measurement, macroeconomic indicators, and economic flow analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The aggregate output of an economy is the value of all the goods and services produced within a predetermined period of time. On the other hand, aggregate income refers to the economic value of all payments received by the suppliers&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economics","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>GDP: Expenditure and Income Approaches | CFA Level 1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated using expenditure and income approaches. 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