{"id":38852,"date":"2021-12-08T05:36:08","date_gmt":"2021-12-08T05:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/?p=38852"},"modified":"2026-08-28T15:17:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T15:17:40","slug":"standard-iib-market-manipulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/ethical-and-professional-standards\/standard-iib-market-manipulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CFA Institute members and candidates are prohibited from engaging in tactics that artificially increase trading volume to deceive market participants under the Integrity of Capital Markets, Market Manipulation policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Andy Knoxville is the head of structured products at Kings Investment Bank. As the structured products team leader, he creates low-volatility products containing inputs intended to suppress the negative impact of higher volatility in the market. His compensation is directly linked to the number of clients purchasing these products. Has Knoxville violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation?\",\n    \"text\": \"Options:\\nA. No, clients should be aware of the complexity of the low-vol structured product.\\nB. No, he did not artificially manipulate any stock\u2019s price, volume, or volatility.\\nC. Yes, intentionally manipulated the inputs of the model to conceal the effects of higher volatility on the returns of the product.\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is C. Knoxville violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation because intentionally manipulating model inputs to misrepresent the risk and expected performance of a product is considered information-based manipulation. His actions were designed to attract investors and increase compensation, which undermines market integrity and investor trust.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"John Reynolds, CFA and CEO of Naxis Future Exchange (NFE), introduces a new equity index futures contract. Naxis offers significant trading fee discounts to firms that agree to minimum trading volumes for six months to create consistent liquidity. Are Reynolds\u2019s actions in conflict with Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation?\",\n    \"text\": \"Options:\\nA. No, Reynolds is allowed to offer discounts on trading fees.\\nB. No, the firms or retail traders who engage with Reynolds\u2019 exchange on this offer are in violation.\\nC. Yes, because Reynolds is attempting to mislead investors about the liquidity of the contract.\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is C. Reynolds violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation because the fee arrangement creates artificial trading activity that may mislead investors about the true liquidity of the futures contract. Such incentives must be fully disclosed to investors. Without disclosure, market participants may incorrectly assume that liquidity is naturally generated by market demand.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Larry Linkard, CFA, is a public relations and investment strategist at VCX Securities, the leading investment bank in an IPO of a telecommunications service provider. The company is facing negative publicity due to management misconduct under regulatory investigation. Larry releases a statement implying that management has been cleared of wrongdoing to encourage investors to buy the IPO. Under the CFA Code and Standards, Larry:\",\n    \"text\": \"Options:\\nA. Violated the Code and Standards.\\nB. Did not violate the Code and Standards as no investors were harmed.\\nC. Did not violate the Code and Standards as the company\u2019s performance is exceptional.\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is A. Larry violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation because he attempted to influence investor demand by making misleading statements about the company's regulatory situation. Market manipulation includes actions intended to deceive market participants or artificially influence investment decisions. Actual investor losses are not required for a violation to occur.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Application 1: Manipulation of Model Inputs<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Andy Knoxville is the head of structured products at Kings Investment Bank. As the structured products team leader, he is responsible for creating new and creative products that attract potential investors. He notices that there is substantial interest in low-volatility products. Consequently, Knoxville creates &#8220;low-vol&#8221; products that contain inputs intended to suppress the negative impact of higher volatility in the market. A part of Steven&#8217;s compensation is directly linked to the number of clients that purchase these &#8220;low-vol&#8221; products. In periods of low volatility, clients that bought these products were extremely successful. Since the beginning of the coronavirus epidemic, high levels of volatility have led to numerous defaults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Has Knoxville violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No, clients should be aware of the complexity of the &#8220;low-vol&#8221; structured product.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No, he did not artificially manipulate any stock&#8217;s price, volume, or volatility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yes, intentionally manipulated the inputs of the model to conceal the effects of higher volatility on the returns of the product.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct answer is&nbsp;<strong>C.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steven violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation. Intentionally manipulating model inputs is considered a form of information-based manipulation. Steven&#8217;s manipulation was intended to attract more business and increase his compensation. His actions would cause investors to lose trust in capital markets and poorly reflect the investment profession.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin: 18px 0;\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\"\n     target=\"_blank\"\n     rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n     style=\"display: block; text-align: center; padding: 14px 18px; border: 2px solid #1a73e8; border-radius: 18px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 600; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; background-color: #1a73e8;\">\n    Master CFA Standard II(B) with our Free Trial.\n  <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Application 2: Pump-Primping Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Reynolds, CFA and CEO of Naxis Future Exchange (NFE), introduces a new equity index futures contract into the market. In an attempt to attract individuals and major brokers to trade on its exchange, Naxis offers significant discounts on its trading fees. To be eligible for the reduction in trading fees, firms must agree to a minimum trading volume of the new contract over the next six months. Naxis hopes that the demonstration of consistently large liquidity will attract new brokerages and retail traders to its exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Are Reynolds&#8217;s actions in conflict with Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No, Reynolds is allowed to offer discounts on trading fees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No, the firms or retail traders who engage with Reynolds&#8217; exchange on this offer are in violation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yes, because Reynolds is attempting to mislead investors about the liquidity of the contract.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct answer is<strong> C.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Investors may be misled by the artificial liquidity generated by Naxis through the discounts offered. The expiry of the discount after six months could potentially reduce the liquidity of the contract. Because Reynolds failed to disclose this agreement with all its clients and potential clients, he has violated Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation. Disclosure of the arrangement to&nbsp;<em>all<\/em>&nbsp;investors would comply with Standard II(B) \u2013 Market Manipulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Application 3: Market Manipulation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Larry Linkard, CFA, is a public relations and investment strategist at VCX securities, the leading investment bank in an IPO of a telecommunication service provider that has been performing well recently. VCX is finding it difficult to sell the IPO due to the recent negative publicity the telecommunication company has received due to management misconduct. The management of the telecommunication company is currently under investigation by the regulator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Larry released a statement to the public to sell the IPO, implying that the telecommunication management has been cleared of any wrongdoing. Under the CFA Code and Standards, Larry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>violated the Code and Standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>did not violate the Code and Standards as no investors were harmed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>did not violate the Code and Standards as the company\u2019s performance is exceptional.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct answer is <strong>A.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Larry violated the CFA Institute Code and Standards because he attempted to manipulate the demand for the shares of the telecommunication company. Standard II(B) prohibits members and candidates from engaging in tactics that artificially increase trading volume to deceive market participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B is incorrect<\/strong>. The fact that Larry is deceiving the public into buying the shares of the telecommunication company is a violation of the CFA Institute Code and Standards whether investors are harmed or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C is incorrect.<\/strong> The telecommunication company\u2019s performance should not be used as an excuse for Larry to deceive investors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 30px 0;\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\"\n     target=\"_blank\"\n     rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n     style=\"display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 26px; border-radius: 9999px; background: #1e5bd8; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;\">\n    Start Free Trial \u2192\n  <\/a>\n  <p style=\"margin-top: 12px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;\">\n    Master CFA Standard II(B) Market Manipulation, prohibited practices, ethical trading requirements, and professional responsibilities with our CFA Level I study materials and practice tools.\n  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CFA Institute members and candidates are prohibited from engaging in tactics that artificially increase trading volume to deceive market participants under the Integrity of Capital Markets, Market Manipulation policy. Application 1: Manipulation of Model Inputs Andy Knoxville is the head&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ethical-and-professional-standards","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Standard II(B) Market Manipulation | AnalystPrep CFA Notes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn CFA Standard II(B) Market Manipulation, including prohibited practices, trading rules, and key ethics exam concepts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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