{"id":31950,"date":"2021-09-27T13:05:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-27T13:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/?p=31950"},"modified":"2026-03-26T16:43:30","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T16:43:30","slug":"fluctuations-in-aggregate-demand-and-supply","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/fluctuations-in-aggregate-demand-and-supply\/","title":{"rendered":"Fluctuations in Aggregate Demand and Supply"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"VideoObject\",\n  \"name\": \"Aggregate Output, Prices, and Economic Growth (2025 Level I CFA\u00ae Exam \u2013 Economics \u2013 Module 3)\",\n  \"description\": \"This video covers key concepts in economics, including GDP calculation methods, aggregate demand and supply analysis, macroeconomic equilibria, and the production function approach to economic growth. Learn about saving, investment, fiscal balances, and the business cycle in an engaging and structured breakdown of these fundamental topics.\",\n  \"uploadDate\": \"2022-03-18T00:00:00+00:00\",\n  \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/PBMOxv2e3QU\/maxresdefault.jpg\",\n  \"contentUrl\": \"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PBMOxv2e3QU\",\n  \"embedUrl\": \"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PBMOxv2e3QU\",\n  \"duration\": \"PT1M32S\",\n  \"publisher\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\",\n    \"logo\": {\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo.png\",\n      \"width\": 250,\n      \"height\": 37\n    }\n  },\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/fluctuations-in-aggregate-demand-and-supply\/\"\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i.png\",\n  \"caption\": \"Image showing the Recessionary Gap\",\n  \"width\": 974,\n  \"height\": 856,\n  \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\n  \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\n  \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\n  \"creator\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i.png\",\n  \"caption\": \"Image showing the Inflationary Gap\",\n  \"width\": 974,\n  \"height\": 706,\n  \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\n  \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\n  \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\n  \"creator\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i.png\",\n  \"caption\": \"Image showing the Stagflation graph\",\n  \"width\": 974,\n  \"height\": 787,\n  \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\n  \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\n  \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\n  \"creator\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Among the following phenomena, which one is least likely caused by a shift in aggregate demand?\",\n    \"text\": \"Among the following phenomena, which one is least likely caused by a shift in aggregate demand?\\n\\nA. Stagflation.\\nB. A recession gap.\\nC. An inflationary gap.\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"A. Stagflation. Stagflation is characterized by declining output and rising prices and is primarily caused by a negative supply shock (a shift in aggregate supply), not a shift in aggregate demand.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  width=\"611\"\n  height=\"344\"\n  src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XDs9kjMPKTo?rel=0&#038;modestbranding=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;vq=hd1080\"\n  title=\"YouTube video player\"\n  frameborder=\"0\"\n  allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\"\n  allowfullscreen>\n<\/iframe>\n<\/p>\n<p>Economists believe that business cycles and fluctuations in GDP levels result from a shift in the aggregate demand or supply curve.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Business Cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The business cycle (economic expansions and contractions) is mainly caused by changes in the short-run value of GDP. During expansion periods, real GDP increases, resulting in a lower unemployment rate and higher capacity utilization (the extent to which an enterprise or a nation uses its installed productive capacity).<\/p>\n<p>During contractions, the value of real GDP decreases, resulting in higher unemployment, hence reducing capacity utilization. Cyclical changes in real GDP and price levels are caused by fluctuations in the aggregate demand and supply in the ways discussed below.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center; background:#f3f5f9; padding:26px 16px; margin:24px 0;\">\n  <div style=\"max-width:720px; margin:0 auto;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n       style=\"display:block; width:100%; padding:14px 24px; border:2px solid #2f6fdd; border-radius:999px; color:#2f6fdd; text-decoration:none; font-size:16px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.2; text-align:center;\">\n      Practice aggregate demand and supply shifts with a Free Trial.\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Recessionary Gap<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>reduction in aggregate demand<\/strong> causes a leftward shift in the aggregate demand curve. This reduction lowers the GDP and price levels. This leads to economic contractions, making demand fall below the economy\u2019s potential GDP, thereby causing a recession. Real GDP then falls, and so does the aggregate price level. Due to a reduction in demand and price levels, businesses cut their workforce, increasing the unemployment rate.<\/p>\n<p>A recessionary gap occurs if the aggregate demand curve intersects the SRAS curve at a short-run equilibrium level below potential GDP. Due to a decrease in aggregate demand, the economy goes into recession and suffers decline of corporate profits, commodity prices, interest rates, and the demand for credit.<\/p>\n<p>Look at the graph below. When the aggregate demand (AD) decreases, the equilibrium moves from point A to point B; the real GDP drops from Y2 to Y1 and prices from P1 to P2. The recession is measured between Y1 and Y2, which is the amount by which the real GDP is below GDP.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10177\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i.png\" alt=\"recessionary-gap\" width=\"974\" height=\"856\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i.png 974w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i-300x264.png 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16i-i-400x352.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Inflationary Gap<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Increase of <strong>aggregate demand <\/strong>leads to higher employment and the economic expansion of real GDP. If the economic expansion takes the economy ahead of its production capacity, it will lead to inflation. Increased government spending, a decline in taxes, and an increase in money supply will shift the aggregate demand curve to the right. When the aggregate supply does not adjust to the increase in aggregate demand, there will be an increase in price levels and a rise in real output.<\/p>\n<p>Study the graph below. When AD increases, the equilibrium shifts from A to B, real output increases from YF to Y1, and the prices rise from P1 to P2. The increase in price increases demand, thereby increasing workforce and production. The unemployment rate, therefore, declines. Upon attainment of the potential GDP, firms are required to pay higher wages and other input costs to further widen production power. Therefore, the economy faces the inflationary gap that emanates from the difference between YF and Y1. Thus, the inflationary gap occurs when the short-run level of the economy is above the potential GDP, which results in upward pressure on prices.<\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10178\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i.png\" alt=\"inflationary-gap\" width=\"974\" height=\"706\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i.png 974w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i-768x557.png 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16j-i-400x290.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/h2>\n<p>Due to the increase in aggregate demand, corporate profits, commodity prices, interest rates, and inflationary pressures rise.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Stagflation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A steady decline in <strong>aggregate supply<\/strong> results in stagflation. In economic theory, stagflation is a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate is slow, and unemployment remains steadily high. This, in fact, is what constitutes the \u201cperfect storm\u201d of economic bad news.<\/p>\n<p>Study the graph below. When the aggregate supply declines, the equilibrium level of the GDP shifts from A to B. The GDP falls from Y1 to Y2, and prices rise from P1 to P2. Over time, the reduced output and employment exert downward pressure on wages and input prices, resulting in a shift of the SRAS curve to the right and back to full employment at point A.<\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10179\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i.png\" alt=\"stagflation\" width=\"974\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i.png 974w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i-768x621.png 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16k-i-400x323.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/h2>\n<p>Stagflation leads to slow economic growth and is very expensive and difficult to address.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3><strong>Question<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Among the following phenomena, which one is <em>least likely<\/em> caused by a shift in aggregate demand?<\/p>\n<p>A. Stagflation.<\/p>\n<p>B. A recession gap.<\/p>\n<p>C. An inflationary gap.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The correct answer is <strong>A<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Stagflation happens during a decline in output and an increase in price. This is mainly due to a decline in aggregate supply, not aggregate demand.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"notes_inv\"><hr>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/learning-sessions-curriculum-economics\/\"><em>Economics &#8211; Learning Sessions<\/em><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center; background:#f3f5f9; padding:48px 20px 28px; margin:40px 0;\">\n  \n  <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block; background:#4274d8; color:#ffffff; text-decoration:none; padding:18px 42px; border-radius:999px; font-size:17px; font-weight:700; line-height:1;\">\n    Start Free Trial\n  <\/a>\n\n  <p style=\"max-width:640px; margin:18px auto 0; font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#1f2937;\">\n    Strengthen aggregate demand and supply analysis with\n    exam-focused CFA Level I practice.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Economists believe that business cycles and fluctuations in GDP levels result from a shift in the aggregate demand or supply curve. The Business Cycle The business cycle (economic expansions and contractions) is mainly caused by changes in the short-run value&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economics","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Aggregate Demand &amp; Supply Fluctuations | CFA Level 1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the aggregate demand and supply shifts, what causes stagflation, and how changes in AD or AS affect real GDP and price levels.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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