{"id":31200,"date":"2021-09-21T07:07:22","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T07:07:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/?p=31200"},"modified":"2026-03-10T16:47:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T16:47:17","slug":"income-and-substitution-effects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/income-and-substitution-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"Income and Substitution Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"VideoObject\",\n  \"name\": \"Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis (2023 Level I CFA\u00ae Exam \u2013 Economics \u2013 Module 1)\",\n  \"description\": \"This video lesson covers key microeconomic concepts such as price, income, and cross-price elasticity of demand, substitution and income effects, normal vs. inferior goods, diminishing marginal returns, breakeven and shutdown points, and how economies and diseconomies of scale influence production costs.\",\n  \"uploadDate\": \"2022-03-09T00:00:00+00:00\",\n  \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/g7wPVGgRfVc\/hqdefault.jpg\",\n  \"contentUrl\": \"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g7wPVGgRfVc\",\n  \"embedUrl\": \"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g7wPVGgRfVc\",\n  \"duration\": \"PT28M37S\"\n}\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"What is the impact on consumption if the substitution effect is positive and the income effect is negative but smaller than the substitution effect?\",\n    \"text\": \"What will be the impact on the consumption of a good if the substitution effect is positive and the income effect of the good is negative but smaller than the substitution effect?\\n\\nA. Consumption of that good increases.\\nB. Consumption of that good decreases.\\nC. Consumption of that good can either decrease or increase.\",\n    \"answerCount\": 1,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is A. When the substitution effect is positive and the income effect is negative but smaller in magnitude, the substitution effect dominates. As a result, the overall effect is an increase in the consumption of the good.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g7wPVGgRfVc?si=I-I5U8k-vkSCpxcp\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Substitution Effect<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A substitute is a good that satisfies the same need as another good, e.g.,&nbsp; broccoli and cauliflower. The substitution effect states that a good becomes more of a bargain relative to other goods as its price declines; therefore, the good is substituted for other goods. For example, if the price of broccoli rises from $3 to $5 while the price of cauliflower remains constant at $3, households will be more inclined to consume more cauliflower and stay away from broccoli.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Income Effect<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The term income effect, in economics, refers to a change in the consumption of a good or service due to a change in income. It is important to note that the income effect mainly expresses how increased purchasing power affects consumption. For example, if a CFA candidate&#8217;s income rises from $50,000 to $65,000 after passing the CFA level 1 exam, he will have more money to spend on rent, clothes, etc.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Examples: Substitution and Income Effects<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A good example for understanding the substitution effect is that of public and private colleges. Many students avoid private universities because they are too expensive for them to afford.&nbsp; However, a slight decrease in the tuition fees in private universities will motivate more students to attend private universities.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, the income effect could also affect the demand for private education. If the economy is booming, the students (or their parents) will have disposable income, which they might use to pay for their tuition in private colleges. In this instance, the demand for private universities will increase.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Real Income<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>While calculating the income effect separately from price effects, real income (income adjusted for inflation) is kept constant. As a result, there are different ways in which these two effects impact consumer behavior and businesses.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Wages, Interest Rates, and Savings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>It is important to understand how income and substitution effects impact wages, interest rates, and savings. When wages increase, work becomes more profitable due to the substitution effect. An increase in wages also enables workers to maintain a decent standard of living by working less, which relates to the income effect. Similarly, higher interest rates cause an increase in income from savings which is another income effect. When savings become more attractive as compared to spending, consumer spending reduces.<\/p>\n<div class=\"notes_inv\">\n<blockquote>\n<h3>Question<\/h3>\n<p>What will be the impact on the consumption of a good if the substitution effect of that good is positive and the income effect of the good is negative but smaller than the substitution effect?<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li>Consumption of that good increases.<\/li>\n<li>Consumption of that good decreases<\/li>\n<li>Consumption of that good can either decrease or increase.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The correct answer is&nbsp;<strong>A.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A positive substitution effect implies that consumers can still afford a good or a service even if the good or service price increases or the consumers&#8217; income declines. A negative income effect implies that an increase in consumers&#8217; income will decrease the demand for that particular good or service.<br><br>A negative income effect that is smaller than the substitution effect and a positive substitution effect that is overriding the negative income effect implies that if the consumer&#8217;s income increases or the good or service price increases, there will be an increased demand for the good\/service.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Substitution Effect A substitute is a good that satisfies the same need as another good, e.g.,&nbsp; broccoli and cauliflower. The substitution effect states that a good becomes more of a bargain relative to other goods as its price declines; therefore,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economics","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Income and Substitution Effects | CFA Level 1 - AnalystPrep<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how income and substitution effects influence consumer choices, with examples and economic implications.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/economics\/income-and-substitution-effects\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Income and Substitution Effects | CFA Level 1 - 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