{"id":2839,"date":"2019-09-01T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-01T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/?p=2839"},"modified":"2026-02-19T19:11:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T19:11:48","slug":"capital-asset-pricing-model-capm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/portfolio-management\/capital-asset-pricing-model-capm\/","title":{"rendered":"Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"VideoObject\",\n  \"name\": \"Portfolio Risk and Return \u2013 Part II (2025 Level I CFA\u00ae Exam \u2013 Portfolio Management \u2013 Module 2)\",\n  \"description\": \"This video covers Portfolio Risk and Return \u2013 Part II for the 2025 CFA\u00ae Level I Portfolio Management curriculum. The lesson connects the efficient frontier to the capital allocation line (CAL) and capital market line (CML), explains systematic versus nonsystematic risk, and builds intuition for beta. It then applies the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the security market line (SML) to security selection and concludes with portfolio performance evaluation using the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, M\u00b2, and Jensen\u2019s alpha.\",\n  \"uploadDate\": \"2022-07-02T00:00:00+00:00\",\n  \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/OCZddCJ_HwM\/default.jpg\",\n  \"contentUrl\": \"https:\/\/youtu.be\/OCZddCJ_HwM\",\n  \"embedUrl\": \"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OCZddCJ_HwM\",\n  \"duration\": \"PT54M58S\"\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML.png\",\n  \"caption\": \"Security Market Line (SML) under the Capital Asset Pricing Model\",\n  \"width\": 974,\n  \"height\": 668,\n  \"copyrightNotice\": \"\u00a9 2024 AnalystPrep\",\n  \"acquireLicensePage\": \"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/license-info\",\n  \"creditText\": \"AnalystPrep Design Team\",\n  \"creator\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"AnalystPrep\"\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"QAPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Which statement does not identify assumptions of the capital asset pricing model?\",\n    \"text\": \"Which statement does not identify assumptions of the capital asset pricing model?\",\n    \"answerCount\": 3,\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"The correct answer is B. The capital asset pricing model assumes that investors are risk-averse, utility-maximizing, and rational individuals. It does not assume that investors are risk-seeking. Therefore, the statement that investors are risk-seeking does not identify an assumption of the CAPM.\"\n    }\n  }\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OCZddCJ_HwM?si=ZL_2xA1XH1cH1zDJ\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) provides a linear relationship between the expected return for an asset and the beta. The Security Market Line (SML) represents CAPM on a graph. As opposed to the Capital Market Line (CML), where the X-axis was the standard deviation, we&#8217;re now using beta \u2013 systematic risk \u2013 to approximate the expected return.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"974\" height=\"668\" src=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML.png\" alt=\"The-Security-Market-Line-SML\" class=\"wp-image-16833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML.png 974w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/analystprep.com\/cfa-level-1-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Security-Market-Line-SML-400x274.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>As with many financial models, it relies on a number of assumptions in order to simplify some of the complexities of the financial markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin:22px 0;\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\"\n     target=\"_blank\"\n     rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n     style=\"\n        display:block;\n        width:100%;\n        text-align:center;\n        padding:14px 0;\n        border:2px solid #2f5bea;\n        border-radius:40px;\n        text-decoration:none;\n        font-weight:500;\n        font-size:18px;\n        color:#2f5bea;\n        background-color:transparent;\n        box-sizing:border-box;\n     \">\n     Practice CAPM questions with our free trial.\n  <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>CAPM Assumptions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>As with many financial models, not all the complexities of the financial markets are accounted for. CAPM makes the following assumptions:<\/p>\n<h4>Investors are Risk-averse, Utility-maximizing, Rational Individuals<\/h4>\n<p>This assumption does not require all investors to have the same degree of risk aversion. Instead, it requires investors to be risk-averse as opposed to risk-neutral or risk-seeking. Investors are assumed to be rational if they correctly evaluate all available information to arrive at well-informed decisions. The rationality of investors has been criticized because personal bias can result in irrational decision-making. However, this behavior does not affect the model outcome.<\/p>\n<h4>Markets are Frictionless, Devoid of Transaction Costs and Taxes<\/h4>\n<p>In addition to indifference to transaction costs, the model also assumes that investors can borrow and lend at a risk-free rate. The transaction costs of many large institutions are negligible, and many investors do not pay taxes. The practical inability to borrow or lend at risk does not materially affect the CAPM results. In spite of this, costs and restrictions on short-selling can introduce an upward bias on asset prices. It is noteworthy that the prices do not affect the CAPM conclusions.<\/p>\n<h4>Investors Plan for the Same, Single Holding Period<\/h4>\n<p>The assumption of a single holding period is convenient since multi-period models have become very difficult. A single-period assumption has shortcomings. It, however, does not severely limit the applicability of the CAPM.<\/p>\n<h4>Investors have Homogenous Expectations or Beliefs<\/h4>\n<p>This is the assumption that all investors analyze securities the same way, and using the same probability distributions and inputs for future cash flows. This then means that all asset valuations are identical, and the same optimal portfolio of risky assets is generated \u2013 the market portfolio. This assumption can be relaxed as long as the generated optimal risky portfolios are not significantly different.<\/p>\n<h4>All Investments are Infinitely Divisible<\/h4>\n<p>This is the assumption that investors can hold fractions of assets. It is deemed convenient from a modeling perspective, considering that it allows for continuous rather than discrete jump functions.<\/p>\n<h4>Investors are Price Takers<\/h4>\n<p>If investors are price takers, no investor can single-handedly influence prices through their trades. This assumption is generally true in practice.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Security Market Line (SML)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The Security Market Line (SML) is the graphical representation of the CAPM with beta reflecting systematic risk on the x-axis and expected return on the y-axis. The SML intersects the y-axis at the risk-free rate, and the slope of the line is the market risk premium, R<sub>m<\/sub> &#8211; R<sub>f<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>The SML is formulated as follows:<\/p>\n<p>$$ E(R_i) = R_f + \\beta_i [E(R_m) \u2013 R_f] $$<\/p>\n<p>Where \\(\\beta_i= \\frac{\\rho_{ i,m} \\sigma_i } {\\sigma_m}\\)<\/p>\n<p>The Capital Market Line (CML) and SML are similar. Despite their similarity, the CML only applies to portfolios on the efficient frontier providing optimal combinations of risk and return. The SML, on the other hand, applies to any security, regardless of whether it is efficient or not. Total risk and systematic risk are equal for an efficient portfolio because the non-systematic risk has been diversified.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h2><strong>Question<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Which statement does not identify assumptions of the capital asset pricing model?<\/p>\n<p>A. Investors are price takers, investors are rational, and transaction costs are ignored.<\/p>\n<p>B. Investors are risk-seeking, fractional ownership is possible, and investors are price takers.<\/p>\n<p>C. Investors have the same holding period, investors value securities identically, and taxes can be ignored.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The correct answer is <strong>B<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>CAPM assumes all investors are risk-averse, utility-maximizing, and rational individuals.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align:center; margin:42px 0 10px;\">\n\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/analystprep.com\/free-trial\/\"\n     target=\"_blank\"\n     rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n     style=\"\n        display:inline-block;\n        padding:16px 36px;\n        background-color:#3f78d7;\n        color:#ffffff;\n        text-decoration:none;\n        font-weight:600;\n        font-size:18px;\n        border-radius:40px;\n        line-height:1.1;\n     \">\n     Start Free Trial\n  <\/a>\n\n  <p style=\"\n        margin-top:18px;\n        max-width:720px;\n        margin-left:auto;\n        margin-right:auto;\n        font-size:17px;\n        line-height:1.6;\n     \">\n     Use AnalystPrep\u2019s free trial to solve CFA-style CAPM problems, strengthen your understanding of beta, expected return, and the security market line, and build exam-day confidence.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) provides a linear relationship between the expected return for an asset and the beta. The Security Market Line (SML) represents CAPM on a graph. As opposed to the Capital Market Line (CML), where the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-portfolio-management","blog-post","no-post-thumbnail","animate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) | CFA Level 1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"CAPM explains the relationship between expected return and risk. 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